{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:28:37Z","timestamp":1793050117848,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1171238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> To examine whether patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have subtle neuropsychological deficits that manifest clinically as cognitive and functional compromise, and this study attempted to determine the pattern of such cognitive deficits and their functional impact across all three phases of BD. We hypothesised that euthymia does not equate with normal neuropsychological function and that each phase has a characteristic pattern of deficits, with disturbance in attention and memory being common across all phases of the illness: (i) bipolar depression \u2013 psychomotor slowing and impairment of memory; (ii) hypomania by frontal\u2010executive deficits and (iii) euthymia \u2013 a mild disturbance of attention, memory and executive function.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Twenty\u2010five patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder underwent neuropsychological testing over a period of 30\u2003months in the natural course of their illness while hypomanic and\/or depressed and\/or euthymic. The results from these assessments were compared with findings from neuropsychological tests conducted on 25 healthy controls matched for age, sex, education and handedness.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Initial analyses revealed modest impairment in executive functioning, memory and attention in both hypomanic and depressed bipolar patients, with additional fine motor skills impairment in the latter. Memory deficits, also noted in euthymic patients, were non\u2010significant after controlling for confounding variables, although bipolar depressed patients remained significantly impaired on tests of verbal recall. Bipolar depressed and hypomanic patients differed with respect to the nature of their memory impairment. Depressed patients were more impaired as compared with euthymic patients on tests of verbal recall and fine motor skills. Psychosocial functioning was impaired across all three patient groups, but only in depressed and hypomanic patients did this correlate significantly with neuropsychological performance.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The mood\u2010state\u2010related cognitive deficits in both bipolar depression and hypomania compromise psychosocial function when patients are unwell. In euthymic patients, subtle impairments in attention and memory suggest that an absence of symptoms does not necessarily equate to \u2018recovery\u2019. The possibility of persistent cognitive deficits in BD is an issue of profound clinical and research interest that warrants further investigation; however, future research needs to adopt more sophisticated neuropsychological probes that are able to better define state and trait deficits and determine their functional impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00324.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T09:37:20Z","timestamp":1171273040000},"page":"114-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":287,"title":["Neuropsychological deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gin 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