{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:43:08Z","timestamp":1792082588073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,5]],"date-time":"2007-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Considerable preclinical biochemical and behavioral data suggest that protein kinase C inhibition would bring about antimanic effects. Notably, the structurally highly dissimilar antimanic agents lithium and valproate, when administered in therapeutically relevant paradigms, attenuate protein kinase C inhibition function. There is currently only one relatively selective protein kinase C inhibitor that crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier available for human use \u2013 tamoxifen. Our group recently conducted a single\u2010blind study with tamoxifen in acute mania and found that it significantly decreased manic symptoms within a<jats:italic>short period<\/jats:italic>of time (3\u20137\u2003days). In this study, we investigated whether antimanic effects can be achieved with a protein kinase C inhibitor in subjects with mania.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>In a double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled study, 16 subjects with bipolar disorder, manic or mixed, with or without psychotic features, were randomly assigned to receive tamoxifen (20\u2013140\u2003mg\/day; n\u2003=\u20038) or placebo (n\u2003=\u20038) for three\u2003weeks. Primary efficacy was assessed by the Young Mania Rating Scale.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Subjects on tamoxifen showed significant improvement in mania compared to placebo as early as five\u2003days, an effect that remained significant throughout the three\u2010week trial. The effect size for the drug difference was very large (d\u2003=\u20031.08, 95% confidence interval 0.45\u20131.71) after three\u2003weeks (p\u2003=\u20030.001). At study endpoint, response rates were 63% for tamoxifen and 13% for placebo (p\u2003=\u20030.12).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Antimanic effects resulted from a protein kinase C inhibitor; onset occurred within five\u2003days. Large, controlled studies with selective protein kinase C inhibitors in acute mania are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00530.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,8]],"date-time":"2007-09-08T04:59:37Z","timestamp":1189227577000},"page":"561-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Carlos A","family":"Zarate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaskaran B","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul 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