{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:41:40Z","timestamp":1794022900644,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]],"date-time":"2007-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Creatine plays a pivotal role in brain energy homeostasis, and altered cerebral energy metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Oral creatine supplementation may modify brain high\u2010energy phosphate metabolism in depressed subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Eight unipolar and two bipolar patients with treatment\u2010resistant depression were treated for four\u2003weeks with 3\u20135\u2003g\/day of creatine monohydrate in an open add\u2010on design. Outcome measures were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Clinical Global Impression scores, recorded at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>One patient improved considerably after one\u2003week and withdrew. Both bipolar patients developed hypomania\/mania. For the remaining seven patients, all scale scores significantly improved. Adverse reactions were mild and transitory.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>This small, preliminary, open study of creatine monohydrate suggests a beneficial effect of creatine augmentation in unipolar depression, but possible precipitation of a manic switch in bipolar depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00532.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,3]],"date-time":"2007-11-03T10:16:20Z","timestamp":1194084980000},"page":"754-758","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Creatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Suzana","family":"Roitman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamima","family":"Osher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Karni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01490-X","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate","volume":"53","author":"Persky AM","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.3.R698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00046-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2492"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.6.4.428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)00102-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00975-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.5.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90099-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724931"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312020-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.01180.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM\u2010IV and ICD\u201010","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan DV","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Clinical Global Impressions. 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