{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:51:59Z","timestamp":1761058319348},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,26]],"date-time":"2005-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hypovolaemia may be considered to represent a volume\u2010restricted cardiac output (CO), but CO varies inversely with the haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and a maximal mixed venous oxygen saturation (S<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) may be a better target for volume administration than a maximal CO.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> In 10 anaesthetized pigs, volume loading with 6% hydroxyethyl starch was performed to obtain a maximal S<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> followed by normovolaemic haemodilution with 6% hydroxyethyl starch.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Volume loading increased S<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> from 55.0\u2003\u00b1\u20035.2% to 64.8\u2003\u00b1\u20039.0% (mean \u00b1 SD) associated with an increase in CO (2.3\u2003\u00b1\u20030.4 to 3.5\u2003\u00b1\u20030.9\u2003l\/min) and central venous oxygen saturation (S<jats:sub>cv<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>; 68.2\u2003\u00b1\u20039.3% to 79.4\u2003\u00b1\u20037.2%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial (MAP), central venous (CVP), pulmonary arterial mean (PAMP), and occlusion pressures (PAOP) increased as well (<jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05). In contrast, during progressive haemodilution, S<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and S<jats:sub>cv<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> remained statistically unchanged until the haemoglobin concentration had decreased from 5.5\u2003\u00b1\u20030.4 to 2.9\u2003\u00b1\u20030.2\u2003mM, while CO and HR increased at a haemoglobin value of 4.4\u2003\u00b1\u20030.4 and 4.0\u2003\u00b1\u20030.4\u2003mM and CVP and PAOP decreased at a haemoglobin of 4.0\u2003\u00b1\u20030.4 and 2.9\u2003\u00b1\u20030.2\u2003mM, respectively (<jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05) leaving MAP unaffected.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study found that volume loading increased cardiac output and mixed and central venous oxygen saturations in parallel, but during normovolaemic haemodilution an increase in cardiac output left mixed and central venous oxygen saturations statistically unchanged until haemoglobin concentration was reduced by \u223c50%. Accordingly, volume therapy should be directed to maintain a high venous oxygen saturation rather than a change in cardiac output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00778.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,11]],"date-time":"2005-08-11T16:29:02Z","timestamp":1123777742000},"page":"1149-1156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Venous oxygen saturation during normovolaemic haemodilution in the pig"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Krantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Warberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. 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