{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:04:12Z","timestamp":1783040652698,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]],"date-time":"2006-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Glutamine deficiency in critical illness is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that ammonium chloride (NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>Cl) and \u03b1\u2010ketoglutaric acid (\u03b1\u2010KGA) infusions could increase glutamine availability possibly through<jats:italic> de novo <\/jats:italic>synthesis in the liver.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Anesthetized post\u2010absorptive pigs were allocated to four groups (<jats:italic>n <\/jats:italic>= 8). The study groups received either a 4\u2010h intravenous infusion of \u03b1\u2010KGA, 11.4 \u03bcmol\/kg\/min and NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, 9.7 \u03bcmol\/kg\/min (group 1), or \u03b1\u2010KGA, 2.85 \u03bcmol\/kg\/min and NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, 46.3 \u03bcmol\/kg\/min (group 2), or \u03b1\u2010KGA, 11.4 \u03bcmol\/kg\/min (group 3), or isotonic saline (control group). Plasma concentrations of glutamine and glutamine exchange in liver, intestine and skeletal muscle were investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Plasma glutamine concentrations in group 1 (58% increase) were greater (<jats:italic>P <\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) compared with the control group (14% decrease) and group 3 (13% decrease), and in group 2 (91% increase) compared with the control group, group 3 (<jats:italic>P <\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.0001) and group 1 (<jats:italic>P <\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Intestinal glutamine extractions in group 2 were significantly greater (<jats:italic>P <\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01) compared with all other groups. Neither the liver nor the hind leg increased its release of glutamine. Arterial pH decreased (all<jats:italic> P <\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) to 7.39 \u00b1 0.01 in the control group, 7.30 \u00b1 0.01 in group 1, 7.19 \u00b1 0.01 in group 2 and 7.35 \u00b1 0.01 in group 3.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Infusions of \u03b1\u2010KGA and NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>Cl, to a pH range of 7.20\u20137.30, did not enhance hind leg or hepatic glutamine release. The increased plasma concentrations of glutamine were effects of NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>Cl, not \u03b1\u2010KGA, and caused either by<jats:italic> de novo <\/jats:italic>synthesis or decreased degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01071.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,7]],"date-time":"2006-07-07T14:29:46Z","timestamp":1152282586000},"page":"840-847","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ammonium chloride and \u03b1\u2010ketoglutaric acid increase glutamine availability in the early phase of induced acute metabolic acidosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Wiklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69754-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(86)90013-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"E746","article-title":"Gut\u2013liver interaction in glutamine homeostasis: portal ammonia role in uptake and metabolism","volume":"252","author":"Buttrose M","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13541.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2780709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V371416","article-title":"Acid\u2010base regulation of hepatic glutamine metabolism and ureagenesis: Study with 15N","volume":"3","author":"Nissim I","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"515","article-title":"Adaptations in urea ammonium excretion in metabolic acidosis in the rat: a reinterpretation","volume":"48","author":"Oliver J","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00745-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101676"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42329-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1977.tb01632.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0291951"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1969.26.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(76)90004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.9531"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80249-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Alpha\u2010ketoglutarate preserves protein synthesis and free glutamine in skeletal muscle after surgery","volume":"109","author":"Hammarqvist F","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.3.663","article-title":"Renal metabolism of glutamine in dogs during infusion of \u03b1\u2010ketoglutaric acid","volume":"222","author":"Welbourne TC","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1399-6576.2006.01071.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01071.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T03:50:13Z","timestamp":1696909813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01071.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01071.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01071.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-5172","1399-6576"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-5172","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-6576","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,6]]}}}