{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:26:32Z","timestamp":1784751992595,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,13]],"date-time":"2008-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background: <\/jats:bold> Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) require huge resources because of the dysfunction of several of their vital organs. The heterogeneity and complexity of the ICU patient have generated interest in systems able to measure severity of illness as a method of predicting outcome, comparing quality\u2010of\u2010care and stratification for clinical trials.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> By searching Medline and EMBASE for publications describing scoring systems in the ICU, the most frequently used systems, defined as resulting in more than 50 references, are included in this review. Scoring systems belong to one of four classes prognostic, single\u2010organ failure, trauma scores and organ dysfunction (OD). The different systems are described and discussed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Three different prognostic scoring systems, including several versions, four single OD scores and three OD scores, were included in this review.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion: <\/jats:bold> Different forms of scoring systems are frequently used in the ICU. They have become a necessary tool to describe ICU populations and to explain differences in mortality. As there are several pitfalls related to the interpretation of the numbers supplied by the systems, they should not be used without knowledge on the science of severity scoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2008.01586.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,15]],"date-time":"2009-01-15T21:43:41Z","timestamp":1232055821000},"page":"467-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Severity scoring in the ICU: a review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"STRAND","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"FLAATTEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-195301000-00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","first-page":"818","article-title":"APACHE II","volume":"13","author":"Knaus WA","year":"1985","journal-title":"a severity of disease classification system"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240069035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Toward quality review in intensive care","volume":"9","author":"Knaus WA","year":"1983","journal-title":"the APACHE system"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198411000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0374-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000216702.94014.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"R645","article-title":"Mortality prediction using SAPS II","volume":"9","author":"Le Gall JR","year":"2005","journal-title":"an update for French intensive care units"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220500198771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2557-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","first-page":"375","article-title":"Improving risk adjustment in critically ill trauma patients","volume":"57","author":"Reiter A","year":"2004","journal-title":"the TRISS\u2013SAPS Score"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of severity scoring system","volume":"40","author":"Ihnsook J","year":"2003","journal-title":"a prospective cohort study using APACHE III in a Korean intensive care unit"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"External validation of the SAPS II, APACHE II and APACHE III prognostic models in South England","volume":"29","author":"Beck DH","year":"2003","journal-title":"a multicentre study"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0203000307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000715"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","first-page":"3424","article-title":"Effect of mortality rate on the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II","volume":"28","author":"Glance LG","year":"2000","journal-title":"a simulation study"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200002000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200006000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Comparison of acute physiology and chronic health evaluations II and III and simplified acute physiology score II","volume":"28","author":"Markgraf R","year":"2000","journal-title":"a prospective cohort study evaluating these methods to predict outcome in a German interdisciplinary intensive care unit"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in intensive care unit trauma patients","volume":"47","author":"Vassar MJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"a multicenter study of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), and a 24-hour intensive care unit (ICU) point system"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","first-page":"192","article-title":"Prognostic performance and customization of the SAPS II","volume":"25","author":"Metnitz PG","year":"1999","journal-title":"results of a multicenter Austrian study. 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