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Whether a similar situation exists in humans is not known. A search was performed for clinical studies comparing the emetic side effects of opioids administered peri\u2010operatively in an attempt to identify differences between morphine and more lipid\u2010soluble \u03bc\u2010receptor\u2010selective agonists such as fentanyl. Overall, the evidence appears to suggest that fentanyl and other phenylpiperidines are associated with less nausea and vomiting than morphine, but not all studies support this, and fentanyl\u2010like drugs are associated with nausea and vomiting <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>. Good evidence, however, exists to show that fentanyl and alfentanil do not cause more nausea and vomiting than the ultra fast\u2010acting remifentanil. Because remifentanil is cleared rapidly post\u2010operatively, such trials suggest that the emetic side effects of fentanyl and alfentanil are minimal. The clinical evidence, although limited, is at least consistent with the possibility that central \u03bc\u2010opioid receptors may mediate anti\u2010emesis in humans. It is possible that the role of \u03bc\u2010opioid agonists in anti\u2010emesis may become clearer in the future as a result of the use of peripheral \u03bc\u2010opioid receptor antagonists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.02115.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,10]],"date-time":"2009-10-10T14:45:13Z","timestamp":1255185913000},"page":"132-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The potential for \u03bc\u2010opioid receptor agonists to be anti\u2010emetic in humans: a review of clinical data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"KEVIN D.","family":"JOHNSTON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2000.440422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","first-page":"693","article-title":"A simplified risk score for predicting 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