{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:03:20Z","timestamp":1792717400466,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,8]],"date-time":"2004-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1081382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Although host immunity offers the obvious benefit of reducing parasite infection, it is often traded-off with other fitness components. We investigated whether the cost of an immune response in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is modulated by the antigen that activates the melanization immune response. Thus, one of three different novel antigens were injected into the mosquito's thorax \u2013 either a glass bead, a negatively charged (C-25) Sephadex bead, or a neutral (G-25) Sephadex bead \u2013 and fecundity and bead melanization were observed. Glass beads are immunologically inert and were therefore used as an inoculation control. The fecundity of mosquitoes inoculated with these beads did not differ from the fecundity of mosquitoes that did not melanize negatively charged or neutral beads. The ability of A. aegypti to melanize negatively charged Sephadex beads was associated with reduced fecundity, showing a clear cost of immunity. In contrast, melanization of the neutral beads was quite strong but had no effect on fecundity. Thus, the cost of what appeared to be the same immune response \u2013 melanization of a bead \u2013 depended on the type of bead that stimulated the immune system. Such differences might help to explain variation of immune efficacy against different parasites in natural populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00720.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,14]],"date-time":"2004-06-14T15:32:55Z","timestamp":1087227175000},"page":"834-840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The cost of immunity in the yellow fever mosquito, <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i> depends on immune activation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Ecology, Aarhus Center for Environmental Stress Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Koella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR, Universit\u00e9 P. & M. Curie, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121410205652100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006586131235","article-title":"Life history interactions with environmental conditions in a host\u2013parasite relationship and the parasite's mode of transmission","volume":"0","author":"Agnew","year":"1999","journal-title":"Evolutionary Ecology"},{"key":"2023121410205652100_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2002.970307.x","article-title":"The costs of mounting an immune response are reflected in the reproductive fitness of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"97","author":"Ahmed","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2023121410205652100_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-1748(00)00018-7","article-title":"Mosquito immune responses and malaria transmission: lessons from insect model systems and implications for vertebrate innate immunity and vaccine development","volume":"30","author":"Barillas-Mury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Insect. 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