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The purpose of this work was twofold: first, to screen different scale insect families for the presence of these endosymbionts by PCR<\/jats:styled-content> analyses and second, to elucidate the history of cophylogeny between these bacteria and the insects by analysing a portion of 16S<\/jats:styled-content> rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> and 18S<\/jats:styled-content> rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> gene sequences by two reconciliation tools, C<\/jats:styled-content>oR<\/jats:styled-content>e\u2010PA<\/jats:styled-content> and J<\/jats:styled-content>ane. From a survey of 27 scale insects within seven families, we identified F<\/jats:styled-content>lavobacteria and E<\/jats:styled-content>nterobacteriaceae as coexisting in ten species that belong to the O<\/jats:styled-content>rtheziidae, M<\/jats:styled-content>onophlebidae, D<\/jats:styled-content>iaspididae and C<\/jats:styled-content>occidae families, and we frequently found two closely related enterobacteria harboured in the same individual. Analyses performed with C<\/jats:styled-content>oR<\/jats:styled-content>e\u2010PA<\/jats:styled-content> and J<\/jats:styled-content>ane suggest that F<\/jats:styled-content>lavobacteria from the scale insects analysed have a unique origin, except for C<\/jats:styled-content>andidatus <\/jats:italic>B<\/jats:styled-content>rownia rhizoecola (F<\/jats:styled-content>lavobacteria of P<\/jats:styled-content>seudococcidae, P<\/jats:styled-content>henacoccinae), which seems to come from a nonscale insect. Nevertheless, cospeciation between F<\/jats:styled-content>lavobacteria and scale insects is suggested only within the families M<\/jats:styled-content>onophlebidae, O<\/jats:styled-content>rtheziidae and D<\/jats:styled-content>iaspididae, and host switches seem to have occurred from the ancestors of M<\/jats:styled-content>onophlebidae and O<\/jats:styled-content>rtheziidae to insects from families C<\/jats:styled-content>occidae, L<\/jats:styled-content>ecanodiaspididae, E<\/jats:styled-content>riococcidae and P<\/jats:styled-content>seudococcidae. Our analyses suggest that E<\/jats:styled-content>nterobacteriaceae underwent more evolutionary events (losses, duplications and host switches), and their phylogenies showed a lower proportion of congruent nodes between host and bacteria, indicating a more relaxed relationship with scale insects compared with F<\/jats:styled-content>lavobacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02611.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,19]],"date-time":"2012-09-19T15:34:22Z","timestamp":1348068862000},"page":"2357-2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Evolutionary relationships of flavobacterial and enterobacterial endosymbionts with their scale insect hosts (H<\/scp>emiptera: C<\/scp>occoidea)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Rosenblueth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Apdo Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Sayavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Apdo Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"S\u00e1mano\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Apdo Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Apdo Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ecolog\u00eda Gen\u00f3mica Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico Apdo Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/998929474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01877-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-004-4437-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"155","volume-title":"The prokaryotes","author":"Baumann P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"A Systematic Catalogue of the Scale Insect Family Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World","author":"Ben\u2010Dov Y.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0764-4469(01)01328-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Charleston M.A.2011.TreeMap 3b. 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