{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:22:17Z","timestamp":1792660937521,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,11]],"date-time":"2007-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1184112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted to determine whether chromium nanoparticle (CrNano) exhibited higher absorption efficiency and possessed unique absorption mechanism in comparison to chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium chloride (CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), as was postulated by previous reports. Twenty\u2010one\u2010day\u2010old Caco\u20102 cell monolayers grown on semipermeable membranes in Snapwell tissue culture bichambers were incubated with CrNano, CrPic or CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> to examine their transport and uptake respectively. In the concentration range of 0.2\u201320\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>mol\/l, transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> across Caco\u20102 monolayers both in apical\u2010to\u2010basolateral and basolateral\u2010to\u2010apical direction was concentration\u2010, and time\u2010dependent, and temperature independent. The apparent permeability coefficient (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>app<\/jats:sub>) of CrNano was between 5.89 and 7.92\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\u2003cm\/s and that of CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was between 3.52 and 5.31\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\u2003cm\/s and between 0.97 and 1.37\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\u2003cm\/s respectively. Uptake of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> by both apical and basolateral membranes was concentration\u2010 and time\u2010dependent. Uptake of CrNano by apical membrane was significantly (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) decreased when the incubation temperature was reduced from 37\u2003\u00b0C to 4\u2003\u00b0C. The transport efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> after incubation for 120\u2003min at 37\u2003\u00b0C was 15.83%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.76%, 9.08%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.25% and 2.11%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.53% respectively. The uptake efficiency of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was 10.08%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.76%, 4.73%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.60% and 0.88%\u2003\u00b1\u20030.08% respectively. It was concluded that the epithelial transport of CrNano, CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> across the Caco\u20102 cell monolayers was mainly via passive transport pathways. In addition, CrNano exhibited considerably higher absorption efficiency than both CrPic and CrCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in Caco\u20102 cell monolayers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00718.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,11]],"date-time":"2007-07-11T22:15:27Z","timestamp":1184192127000},"page":"131-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Chromium nanoparticle exhibits higher absorption efficiency than chromium picolinate and chromium chloride in Caco\u20102 cell monolayers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"L.\u2010Y.","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.\u2010R.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010Q.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.\u2010Y.","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00072-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1768-322X.1987.tb00571.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600790604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91647-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018903931777"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00415-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-9-8-1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00923-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(97)01036-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016085108889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012126301290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.8.1138","article-title":"Absorption of inorganic, trivalent chromium from the vascularly perfused rat small intestine","volume":"119","author":"Dowling H. 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