{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:37:19Z","timestamp":1793903839800,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animal Physiology Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urolith formation has been documented in giraffes and goats. As research in giraffes poses logistical challenges, 16 buck goats were used as a model. The impact of two commercially available, pelleted feeds used for giraffes, ADF\u201016 and Wild Herbivore (WH), as well as the impact of alfalfa hay and pellet proportions (20% hay:80% pellets, 80P or 80% hay:20% pellet, 20P) on the formation of urolithogenic precursors in goat urine was accomplished in a 2\u2003\u00d7\u20032 factorial balance study. Complete diets contained 0.60, 0.32, 0.35 and 0.26% phosphorus (P) with calcium:P ratios of 1.60, 4.16, 3.06 and 5.23, for 80P\u2010ADF\u201016, 20P\u2010ADF\u201016, 80P\u2010WH and 20P\u2010WH respectively. Total faeces and urine were collected over two 5\u2010day periods to assess N and mineral balance. Fresh urine samples were collected and evaluated microscopically for urolithic crystal content. Urinary nitrogen (N) was lower and N retention was higher in goats fed 80P diets (p<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.05). Intake of P was greatest for goats fed 80P\u2010ADF\u201016; however, urinary P excretion and P retention were not affected by treatment. Crystal scores were higher in animals receiving 80P diets (p<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.08), with crystals being composed predominantly of calcium phosphate. Urine pH was alkaline (&gt;8) for all treatments. Urinary P concentration, a risk factor for urolithiasis, was highest (p<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>\u2264<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.06) in the 80P\u2010ADF\u201016 treatment (0.38 vs. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04\u2003mg\/dl for 20P\u2010ADF\u201016, 80P\u2010WH and 20P\u2010WH respectively), reflecting its highest dietary P level. Further investigation is recommended to determine the long\u2010term effects of these diets on urolithogenic compound formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01297.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T14:15:25Z","timestamp":1334240125000},"page":"566-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of two types of complete pelleted, wild ungulate feeds and two pelleted feed to hay ratios on the development of urolithogenic compounds in meat goats as a model for giraffes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"van Heugten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ange\u2010van Heugten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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