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The parasite is ubiquitous and lack of differentiation between the species and strains has made it difficult to track down sources of human and animal infections. Genetic analysis of strains and isolates has led to the redescription of <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> with special consideration of the host specificity and possible ways of transmission to humans. Infection with the small oocysts usually occurs directly by faecal\u2013oral transmission, water\u2010 or food\u2013borne. In Europe water from different sources is frequently contaminated with oocysts. Generally, humans are most frequently infected with <jats:italic>C. hominis<\/jats:italic> in an anthroponotic cycle (especially in cases of infections imported from highly endemic (sub\u2010) tropical regions) and the animal genotype (type II) of <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic> in a zoonotic cycle which seems to play a major role in autochthonous infections in Switzerland, the UK and probably other European countries. Other species (such as <jats:italic>C. felis<\/jats:italic> or the avian species <jats:italic>C. meleagridis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>) and genotypes are rare in humans and mostly restricted to immunocompromised individuals who are highly susceptible to serious opportunistic cryptosporidial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2004.00765.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T11:50:39Z","timestamp":1096458639000},"page":"251-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Human Cryptosporidiosis: An Update With Special Emphasis on the Situation in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Joachim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120092561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis","author":"Arrowood M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80056-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"9th Annual Sigma Xi Student Research Conference","author":"Bauer R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. as cause of human gastrointestinal disease in Switzerland and possible sources of infection","volume":"130","author":"Baumgartner A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schweiz. 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