{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:48:28Z","timestamp":1776725308577,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,2]],"date-time":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present investigation, we have shown for the first time that the onychomycosis\u2010inducing dermatophyte <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic> was able to metabolize 5\u2010aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in liquid culture medium. We have established and optimized the culture conditions and could show the typical PpIX\u2010induced red fluorescence which was evaluated qualitatively by Wood's light examination and fluorescent microscopic analysis. The optimum concentration of ALA was in the range of 1\u201310\u2003mmol\u2003l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. If used in higher concentrations, ALA leads to a significantly reduced growth rate and absence of PpIX formation due to highly acidic conditions. The first observation of red fluorescence was detected between 10 and 14\u2003days poststimulation with ALA, increasing thereafter. Fluorescent microscopic examinations demonstrated that formation of PpIX was restricted to selected parts of the fungal mycelium. Repeated application of ALA in order to achieve the highest formation of PpIX in <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic> failed, probably due to the sustained low pH values. ALA treatment and irradiation of <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic> clearly demonstrated the growth\u2010inhibiting effect of ALA PDT, either leading to reduced numbers of colonies or reduced diameters of single fungal colonies. Summarizing our results, ALA PDT might be a promising approach in the reduction of <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic> colonization in onychomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01070.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,2]],"date-time":"2005-03-02T16:19:50Z","timestamp":1109780390000},"page":"101-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Antifungal effect of 5\u2010aminolevulinic acid PDT in <i>Trichophyton rubrum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"H.","family":"Kamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.\u2010J.","family":"Tietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Piazena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sowyrda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Lademann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Blume\u2010Peytavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1997.03890450124022"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7190.1031"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1989.tb02192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1995.tb00482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1986.tb04726.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_2","first-page":"427","article-title":"\u00dcber die Wirkung der photodynamischen (fluorescierenden) Stoffe auf Protozoen und Enzyme","volume":"80","author":"Von Tappeiner H","year":"1904","journal-title":"Dtsch Arch Klin Med"}],"container-title":["Mycoses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0507.2004.01070.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01070.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T03:59:19Z","timestamp":1697255959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01070.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01070.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2004.01070.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7407","1439-0507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7407","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0507","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}}}