{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:24:30Z","timestamp":1791239070083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mycoses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The serotypes and mating types of 80 clinical isolates of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> from Kenya were studied and subjected to broth microdilution susceptibility testing to amphotericin B (AMP), flucytosin, fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC) and miconazole (MCZ). The isolates included <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>grubii<\/jats:italic>\u2013 75 of 80 (serotype A; 93.7%), <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic>\u2013 three of 80 (3.8%) and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> var. <jats:italic>gattii<\/jats:italic>\u2013 two (serotype B; 2.5%). Mating experiment confirmed all the isolates to be <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010mating type. Seventy\u2010eight (97.5%) of the isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of \u22640.5\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2003ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> to AMP and at 1\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2003ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 100% of the isolates were inhibited. Flucytosin resistance was observed in 21% with MIC in which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>) of 64\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2003ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Only 23.8% of the strains were susceptible to FLC with 65% susceptible dose\u2010dependent (SDD) and 11.2% resistant. Itraconazole susceptibility was 61.3% while the rest were either SDD or resistant. The MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> for ITC and MCZ were 0.5 and 2\u2003<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\u2003ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The study reports the serotypes, mating types and highlights the existence of azoles resistance in <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> in Nairobi which calls for antifungal drug resistance surveillance as prophylactic use of FLC increases because of human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) epidemic in sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01293.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T22:58:09Z","timestamp":1161039489000},"page":"25-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Antifungal drug susceptibility of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i> from clinical sources in Nairobi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Bii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Makimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhiko","family":"Taguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga M.","family":"Mugasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gutura","family":"Revathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Njeri C.","family":"Wamae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.4.515","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS\u2010100\u2003years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell TG","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1974-1976.2000","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) isolates in New York City","volume":"32","author":"Steenbergen JN","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e66","article-title":"Serological evidence of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood","volume":"107","author":"Goldman DL","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(99)90099-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.838-840.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3758813"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"High prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions","volume":"257","author":"Kwong\u2010Chung KJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.4831-4841.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"891","article-title":"Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"147","author":"Boekhout T","year":"2001","journal-title":"Syst Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1136-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.5.2163-2167.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.1.169","article-title":"In vitro activities of vericonazole, fluconazole and itraconazole against 566 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from United States and Africa","volume":"43","author":"Pfaller MA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.5.975-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; 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