{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:31:18Z","timestamp":1777437078413,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Domestic Animals"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Contents<\/jats:title><jats:p>A new procedure for non\u2010surgical deep intrauterine insemination (DUI) in unrestrained sows hormonally induced to ovulate, has been reported. In comparison with standard artificial insemination (AI), with this procedure, the sperm numbers inseminated can be reduced 20\u2010fold without reducing the reproductive performance of these hormonally treated sows. The present study evaluated, using two experiments, the reproductive performance applying 20\u2010fold different sperm numbers per AI dose using DUI or standard AI in spontaneously ovulating sows, under field conditions. In experiment 1, AI was applied to crossbred sows at 12, 24 and 36\u2003h after onset of spontaneous oestrus using one of the following two regimes: (i) DUI (treatment) with 0.15\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> fresh boar spermatozoa in 5\u2003ml of Beltsville thawing solution (BTS) extender (n\u2003=\u200395), and (ii) standard cervical AI (control) with 2.85\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> fresh spermatozoa in 95\u2003ml of BTS extender (n\u2003=\u200395). The farrowing rates of the two groups of sows were statistically similar (NS). However, a decrease (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.002) in litter size and the total number of pigs born alive was observed in sows inseminated with the DUI procedure. In experiment 2, 42 post\u2010weaned oestrus sows were inseminated following the same design described for experiment 1 during spontaneous oestrus. On day 6 after onset of oestrus, the proximal segment of the uterine horns of the sows were flushed under surgery to retrieve eventual embryos and evaluate the success of fertilization per cornua (e.g. occurrence of effective uni\u2010 vs bilateral sperm transport rendering uni\u2010 or bilateral, complete or partial fertilization). Retrieved embryos were assessed for cleavage and number of accessory spermatozoa. Although identical overall pregnancy rates were achieved in both insemination groups, the percentage of sows with partial bilateral fertilization and unilateral fertilization was markedly higher (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) in the DUI group (35%) compared with the control (standard AI) group (5%), with a consequent lower (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) percentage of viable early embryos after DUI. The number of accessory spermatozoa in the zona pellucida of the embryos was highly variable, but higher (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) in control animals than in DUI\u2010AI. No accessory spermatozoa were found in oocytes retrieved from sows depicting unilateral fertilization. In conclusion, DUI in spontaneously ovulating sows with 0.15\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2003spermatozoa renders similar farrowing rates but a lower litter size compared with use of standard AI with a 20\u2010fold higher sperm dose. The lower litter size ought to be related to a decreased distribution of spermatozoa after DUI leading to a higher incidence of partial bilateral and unilateral fertilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2006.00635.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]],"date-time":"2006-01-12T15:54:11Z","timestamp":1137081251000},"page":"41-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Incidence of Unilateral Fertilizations after Low Dose Deep Intrauterine Insemination in Spontaneously Ovulating Sows under Field Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"EA","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JM","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Parrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Cuello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MA","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JL","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Catheter insertion into uterus horn during deep intrauterine insemination does not compromise future fertility potential of sows","volume":"40","author":"Bolarin A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Dom Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","article-title":"Dissimilarities in sows\u2019 ovarian status at the insemination time could explain differences in fertility between farms when frozen\u2010thawed semen is used","author":"Bolarin A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Deep intrauterine insemination in sows: first field trial in USA commercial farm with a newly developed device","volume":"59","author":"Day BN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0130133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD00035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00223-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220289"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0380139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.711199x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Culture of pig embryos","volume":"48","author":"Peters RM","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.40199x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Boar Semen Preservation IV","author":"Rath D","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.13.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01330-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1050135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Boar Semen Preservation IV","author":"Soede NM","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1110165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"VazquezJL MartinezEA VazquezJM LucasX GilMA ParrillaI RocaJ 1999:Development of a non\u2010surgical deep intrauterine insemination technique. 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