{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T02:34:02Z","timestamp":1776306842888,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]],"date-time":"2012-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dev Growth Differ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In vertebrates, the central nervous system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>) develops as a highly hierarchical, patterned organ with a vast diversity of neuronal and glial cell types. The vertebrate retina is developmentally a part of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>. Establishment of the vertebrate retina requires a series of developmental steps including specification of the anterior neural plate, evagination of the optic vesicles from the ventral forebrain, and differentiation of cells. The transcription factor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>RAX<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> is a <jats:italic>paired\u2010<\/jats:italic>type homeoprotein that plays a critical role in the eye and forebrain development of vertebrate species. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rax<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> is initially expressed in the anterior neural region of developing mouse embryos, and later in the retina, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. The targeted deletion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rax<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> in the mouse results in no eye formation and abnormal forebrain formation. In humans, mutations in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>RAX<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene lead to anophthalmia and microphthalmia. These observations indicate that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>RAX<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> plays a pivotal role in the establishment of the retina. In addition, recent studies have reported that retina and pituitary gland tissues can be induced in a culture system from embryonic stem  cells, using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>RAX<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> expression as an indicator of neuronal progenitor cells in the induced tissue, and suggesting that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rax<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> gene is a key factor in neuronal regeneration. This review highlights the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>RAX<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content> in retina, pituitary, hypothalamus, and pineal gland development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169x.2012.01337.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]],"date-time":"2012-04-24T11:13:58Z","timestamp":1335266038000},"page":"341-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["An essential role for <scp><i>Rax<\/i><\/scp> in retina and neuroendocrine system development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Muranishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology Osaka Bioscience Institute 6\u20102\u20104 Furuedai Suita Osaka 565\u20100874 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology Osaka Bioscience Institute 6\u20102\u20104 Furuedai Suita Osaka 565\u20100874 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology Osaka Bioscience Institute 6\u20102\u20104 Furuedai Suita Osaka 565\u20100874 Japan"},{"name":"JST CREST 6\u20102\u20104 Furuedai Suita Osaka 565\u20100874 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.11.2451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00325-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041878tb"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808394200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(96)00640-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-7431(02)00025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00077-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710954105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00037-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2343"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.7.3088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80439-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/70591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81171-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01640.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354522a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(88)90205-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500010102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Photoneural regulation of the mammalian pineal gland","volume":"117","author":"Klein D. 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