{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:08:25Z","timestamp":1791173305458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Cell Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence that a small percentage of individuals exposed to the hepatitis C virus have the capacity to generate a strong cellular immune response against the virus and avoid persistent infection, and perhaps do so repeatedly after re\u2010exposure. This article reviews the evidence that the responses identified in this unique group of individuals represent the protective immunity that will need to be elicited by hepatitis C virus vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]],"date-time":"2006-02-23T15:28:48Z","timestamp":1140708528000},"page":"239-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Protective immunity against hepatitis C virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Lisa N","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary A","family":"Ffrench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Viral Immunology Group, Burnet Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/279529a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Membrane and cytoplasmic changes in virus\u2010infected cells induced by interactions of antiviral antibody with surface viral antigen","volume":"26","author":"Oldstone MB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199810)56:2<159::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-9-2091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00375-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00668-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2001.01036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360706","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"36","author":"Seeff LB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(03)00007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904223401602"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91224-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1279801"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.13.6586-6595.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.3.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0195-59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)12269-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.2589-2599.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21594"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70237-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.26.15394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08435-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412153312402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1997.00074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403519101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402458101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2335981100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6023-6034.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.7.4407-4412.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.3.1494-1500.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202608299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70353-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.21162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91691-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80044-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2000.1683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.3.1473","article-title":"The role of hepatitis C virus\u2010specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"158","author":"Nelson DR","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00424-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030239"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1395"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.12.5550-5558.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)91443-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80005-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80195-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2001.00289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4781-4793.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0270-9139(03)80272-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200210010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.575-577.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V90.3.1309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516546"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6681","article-title":"Presence of effector CD8+ T cells in hepatitis C virus\u2010exposed healthy seronegative donors","volume":"162","author":"Scognamiglio P","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12252-12258.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1.0730044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.6.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.12.3274-3277.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199507000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.3.1229-1235.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00461-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.5.2247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.10.1647-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.3.1690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.4.1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7820(00)80006-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40101280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199311000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510250058035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(95)80087-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2000.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315472"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)93063-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4314"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(01)00260-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1197-1250"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199901140-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/346049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00182-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.11.6108-6116.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.540","article-title":"Selective induction of protective MHC class I\u2010restricted CTL in the intestinal lamina propria of rhesus monkeys by transient SIV infection of the colonic mucosa","volume":"162","author":"Murphey\u2010Corb M","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.6.1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.9.1705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80147-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.23.11392-11400.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6104-6113.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.8.3392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/347522a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.1.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/369648a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/76907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(02)00367-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","first-page":"356","article-title":"Peripheral blood neutrophils from hepatitis C virus\u2010infected patients are replication sites of the virus","volume":"85","author":"Crovatto M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3328.421k04_3328_3337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.19.10064-10068.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.2.600-608.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.1014-1017.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5867-5874.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20518"}],"container-title":["Immunology &amp; Cell Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T21:19:51Z","timestamp":1736284791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0818-9641","1440-1711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0818-9641","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}