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Risk factors for upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulcer or bleeding among LDA users include a history of prior GI events, older age, chronic renal failure, combined antithrombotic therapy and nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> and aspirin seem to be independent risk factors for peptic ulcer and bleeding. The studies report conflicting findings about the effect of <jats:italic>H.\u2003pylori<\/jats:italic> infection on NSAID\u2010related ulcers, and proton\u2010pump inhibitors (PPIs) seem to be superior to eradication only to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding with LDA. Previous studies indicate that hypoacidity related to corpus atrophy, as well as taking PPIs and co\u2010treatment with angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and statins seem to reduce peptic ulcer among LDA users. In addition, the interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2)\u2010511 T allele and angiotensinogen (AGT)\u201020 CC, which work as the high\u2010producer allele of IL\u20101\u03b2 and AGT, are significantly associated with ulcer or ulcer bleeding. The <jats:italic>SLCO1B1<\/jats:italic>*1b haplotype, which has the highest transport activity, may diminish the preventive effect of statins or ARBs. The data are still lacking and further prospective studies are needed to identify the specific risk or protective factors for upper GI ulcer and its complications associated with LDA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07071.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T15:21:09Z","timestamp":1333552869000},"page":"8-12","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk and preventive factors of low\u2010dose aspirin\u2010induced gastroduodenal injuries: A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Shiotani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoari","family":"Kamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Fujimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Sakakibara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Haruma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01254-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0171-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.21907"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009213431202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38947.697558.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60234-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1382-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07273-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2290-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2206-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6983.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103293441304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012877"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00058.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1296.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70545-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"H699","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in ischemia\u2010reperfusion\u2010induced microvascular injury","volume":"253","author":"Hernandez LA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. 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