{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:22:50Z","timestamp":1761016970308},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>The increasing prevalence of cholesterol gallstone (CG<\/jats:styled-content>) disease has become an economic burden to the healthcare system. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>) is the only established medical agent used to dissolve gallstones. In investigating novel therapeutics for CG<\/jats:styled-content>, we assessed the preventive effects of n\u20103 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content>) on the formation of CG<\/jats:styled-content> induced by feeding a lithogenic diet (LD<\/jats:styled-content>) containing high cholesterol levels to mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Mice were divided into the following six groups: (A) regular diet (RD<\/jats:styled-content>); (B) RD<\/jats:styled-content>+n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content>; (C) LD<\/jats:styled-content>; (D) LD<\/jats:styled-content>+n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content>; (E) LD<\/jats:styled-content>+UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>; (F) LD<\/jats:styled-content>+n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content>+UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>. After RD<\/jats:styled-content>\/LD<\/jats:styled-content> feeding for 2\u2009weeks, n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> or UDCA<\/jats:styled-content> was administered orally and the diet maintained for 8\u2009weeks. The levels of phospholipids and cholesterol in bile, CG<\/jats:styled-content> formation, gallbladder wall thickness, MUC<\/jats:styled-content> gene expression in gallbladder were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>No stone or sludge was evident in the RD<\/jats:styled-content> groups (Groups A, B). Mice in the n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> treatment (Groups D, F) showed significantly lower stone formation than the other LD<\/jats:styled-content> groups (Groups C, E). The combination treatment of n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> and UDCA<\/jats:styled-content> suppressed stone formation more than mono\u2010therapy with n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> or UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>. Bile phospholipid levels were significantly elevated in the Group F. Hypertrophy of the gallbladder wall was evident in mice fed LD<\/jats:styled-content>. MUC<\/jats:styled-content> 2, 5AC, 5B and 6 mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression levels were significantly elevated in the LD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010fed group, and this was suppressed by n\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> with or without UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>N\u20103PUFA<\/jats:styled-content> attenuated gallstone formation in mouse, through increasing the levels of bile phospholipids and suppressing bile mucin formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07227.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T15:45:03Z","timestamp":1343749503000},"page":"1745-1751","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["N\u20103 polyunsaturated fatty acid attenuates cholesterol gallstones by suppressing mucin production with a high cholesterol diet in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ja Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Min","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun Sun","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Goo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee Jung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Han","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang Kyu","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Joo","family":"Haam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Chul","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine, KonKuk University Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Ki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00531-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"346","article-title":"[The changing pattern of cholelithiasis in Tianjin]","volume":"25","author":"Huang YQ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00253-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Essential 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