{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:18:31Z","timestamp":1784801911889,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carvedilol has been shown to be more effective than propranolol in decreasing portal pressure. Sufficient data from controlled trials remains limited. This trial compared the relative safety and efficacy between carvedilol and nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate in preventing variceal rebleeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>After successful control of acute esophageal variceal bleeding, eligible patients were randomized to the carvedilol group, 61 patients, using carvedilol 6.25\u201312.5\u2009mg daily or the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group, 60 patients, using nadolol 40\u201380\u2009mg plus isorsorbide\u20105\u2010mononitrate 20\u2009mg daily. The end points were rebleeding from varices, adverse events or death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a median follow up of 30\u2009months, recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding developed in 37 patients (61%) in the carvedilol group and 37 patients (62%) in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.90). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices occurred in 31 patients (51%) in the carvedilol group and in 26 patients (43%) in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.46). Recurrent bleeding from gastric varices occurred in two patients (3%) in the carvedilol group and in eight patients (13%) in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05). Severe adverse events occurred in one patient in the carvedilol group and 17 patients in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Fifteen patients of the carvedilol group and 17 patients in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group died (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.83). Two patients in the carvedilol group and three patients in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009+\u2009<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> group died of variceal bleeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carvedilol was as effective as nadolol plus isorsorbide\u20105 \u2010mononitrate mononitrate in the prevention of gastroesophageal variceal rebleeding with fewer severe adverse events and similar survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07244.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T17:54:54Z","timestamp":1343757294000},"page":"1681-1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Randomized, controlled trial of carvedilol versus nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of variceal rebleeding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gin\u2010Ho","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Digestive Center E\u2010DA Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine I\u2010Shou University Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huay\u2010Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine I\u2010Shou University Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsien\u2010Chung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine I\u2010Shou University Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12778-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70328-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0901512"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220242"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220215"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112033052302"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110212"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003223"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360612"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250509"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(81)73224-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Portal Hypertension III. 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