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The BMSCs (1\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> or 1\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>) were stereotactically transplanted into the ipsilateral striatum of the rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion at 1 or 4 weeks post\u2010ischemia. Motor function was serially assessed. Using <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, the engrafted BMSCs were visualized at 3 weeks post\u2010transplantation. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate their fate. Functional recovery was significantly enhanced when both low and high doses of BMSCs were transplanted at 1 week post\u2010ischemia, but such therapeutic effects were observed only when the high\u2010dose BMSCs were transplanted at 4 weeks post\u2010ischemia. Both optical imaging and immunohistochemistry revealed their better engraftment in the peri\u2010infarct area when the high\u2010dose BMSCs were transplanted at 1 or 4 weeks post\u2010ischemia. These findings strongly suggest the importance of timing and cell dose to yield therapeutic effects of BMSC transplantation for ischemic stroke. Earlier transplantation requires a smaller number of donor cells for beneficial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2012.01335.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,22]],"date-time":"2012-06-22T16:12:31Z","timestamp":1340381551000},"page":"140-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Timing and cell dose determine therapeutic effects of bone marrow stromal cell transplantation in rat model of cerebral 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