{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T08:50:16Z","timestamp":1759481416372},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]],"date-time":"2004-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1094601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Five sources of change modify trends in incidence of treated end\u2010stage renal disease (ESRD): (i) demography; (ii) disease control, comprising prevention and treatment of progressive kidney disease; (iii) competing risks, which encompass dying from untreated uraemia or non\u2010renal comorbidity; (iv) lead\u2010time bias; and (v) classification bias. Thus, rising crude incidence of treated ESRD may conceal effective disease control when there has been demographic change, lessening competing risks, or the introduction of bias.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Age\u2010specific incidences of treated ESRD in Australia were calculated from Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry data by indigenous\/non\u2010indigenous status (all causes) and by primary renal disease (non\u2010indigenous only) for two successive decades, 1982\u20131991 and 1992\u20132001.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2003<\/jats:bold> We postulate that less competing risks explained much of the increase in treated ESRD in the elderly and Indigenous Australians. The increase in glomerulonephritic ESRD in non\u2010indigenous Australians could be ascribed mainly to immigration from non\u2010European countries. There was no significant change in incidence of treated ESRD in Indigenous or non\u2010indigenous persons aged less than 25\u2003years, in non\u2010indigenous persons aged 25\u201364\u2003years for ESRD caused by hereditary polycystic disease or hypertension, or in type 1 diabetics aged over 55\u2003years. End\u2010stage renal disease from analgesic nephropathy had declined. The increase in treated ESRD caused by type 2 diabetic nephropathy appeared to be multifactorial. Lead\u2010time\/length bias and less competing risks may have concealed a small favourable trend in other primary renal diseases.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Whether recent disease control measures have had an impact on incidence of treated ESRD is not yet certain, but seems more likely than implied by previous reports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2004.00259.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]],"date-time":"2004-09-08T09:26:17Z","timestamp":1094635577000},"page":"238-246","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interpreting incidence trends for treated end\u2010stage renal disease: Implications for evaluating disease control in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"JOHN H","family":"STEWART","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARGARET RE","family":"MCCREDIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHEILA M","family":"WILLIAMS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEPHEN P","family":"MCDONALD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.36943"},{"issue":"50","key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"S3","article-title":"End\u2010stage renal disease: Magnitude of the problem, prognosis of future trends and possible solutions","volume":"48","author":"Port FK.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(98)70157-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00297.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70035-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V123550","article-title":"Trends of analgesic nephropathy in two high\u2010endemic regions with different legislation","volume":"12","author":"Michielsen P","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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