{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:51:47Z","timestamp":1769165507616,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The role of vitamin D remains controversial in this process. We evaluated the relationship between 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D, abnormal T helper cells (CD4+CD28null cells), systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis in CKD patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2003<\/jats:bold> A total of 101 stage 4\u20135 non\u2010dialysis CKD patients and 40 healthy controls were studied. Common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA\u2010IMT) was measured with an ultrasound system. 25(OH) vitamin D and highly sensitive C\u2010reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The frequency of circulating CD4+CD28null cells was evaluated by flowcytometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2003<\/jats:bold> CKD subjects exhibited higher CCA\u2010IMT (0.71\u2003\u00b1\u20030.01 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 0.56\u2003\u00b1\u20030.01\u2003mm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), hsCRP (90.7\u2003\u00b1\u20035.8 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 50.1\u2003\u00b1\u20038.6\u2003\u00b5g\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), CD4+CD28null cell frequency (9.1\u2003\u00b1\u20030.9 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 3.6\u2003\u00b1\u20030.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001) and lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels (17.9\u2003\u00b1\u20031.9 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic> 26.9\u2003\u00b1\u20033.5\u2003ng\/mL, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). In CKD subjects, serum 25 (OH) vitamin D level showed a strong inverse correlation with CCA\u2010IMT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.729, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001) and correlated with CD4+CD28null cell frequency (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.249, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.01) and hsCRP (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.2, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.047). We also noted correlation of IMT with patient age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.291, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.004) and CD4+CD28null cells (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001). On multiple regression analysis, 25(OH) vitamin D level, diabetic status and CD4+CD28null cell frequency exhibited independent association with IMT in CKD subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2003<\/jats:bold> Vitamin D deficiency, inflammatory activation and higher frequency of CD4+CD28null T lymphocyte population correlate with preclinical atherosclerotic changes in CKD population. These findings suggest possible linkage between vitamin D metabolism and T cell modulation \u2013 abnormalities that may contribute to development of atherosclerosis in CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01611.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T04:42:24Z","timestamp":1334119344000},"page":"575-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency, CD4+CD28null cells and accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"ASHOK 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