{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:04:44Z","timestamp":1791021884141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,2]],"date-time":"2012-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aims:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Hikikomori<\/jats:italic> is a form of social withdrawal among those who retreat from social interaction for protracted periods of time. This study examines family\u2010related childhood factors for <jats:italic>hikikomori<\/jats:italic> using the retrospective data derived from a population\u2010based survey.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> We derived data from World Mental Health Survey Japan. The subjects of this study were community residents aged 20\u201349\u2003years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003708). Multiple logistic regression was applied to examine the association between the lifetime experience of <jats:italic>hikikomori<\/jats:italic> and childhood family environment, adjusting for sex, age, and respondents' history of common mental disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Father's high educational level (odds ratio [OR]\u2003=\u20036.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2003=\u20031.6\u201322.9), mother's common mental disorders (OR\u2003=\u20035.9, 95%CI\u2003=\u20031.1\u201333.3), and mother's panic disorders (OR\u2003=\u20036.6, 95%CI\u2003=\u20031.1\u201339.1) were significantly and positively associated with <jats:italic>hikikomori<\/jats:italic> after controlling for respondents' sex, age, and history of mental disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our findings suggest that <jats:italic>hikikomori<\/jats:italic> cases are more likely to occur in families where the parents have high levels of education. Maternal panic disorder may be another risk factor for children to develop <jats:italic>hikikomori<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2011.02292.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,2]],"date-time":"2012-02-02T11:36:31Z","timestamp":1328182591000},"page":"121-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Association of childhood family environments with the risk of social withdrawal (\u2018<i>hikikomori<\/i>\u2019) in the community population in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Maki","family":"Umeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norito","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The World Mental Health Japan Survey Group 2002\u20132006","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Community Mental Health Intervention Guidelines Aimed at Socially Withdrawn Teenagers and Young Adults","author":"Ito J","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"549","article-title":"\u2018Shinkeishitu\u2019 and hikikomori","volume":"26","author":"Shioji R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Seishin Ryoho."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Psychopathological features of \u2018primary social withdrawal\u2019","volume":"104","author":"Suwa M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2008.00790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","volume-title":"Social Withdrawal: A Neverending Adolescence","author":"Saito T","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"How do we understand so\u2010called social withdrawal?","volume":"26","author":"Ushijima S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Seishin Ryoho."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","unstructured":"Cabinet Office Government of Japan.Reports of the survey of social and family life among youth; youth in a hikikomori state and their needs.2010(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1673"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.042515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-008-9106-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Psychological tendency to withdrawal among female undergraduate students and their parents' childrearing attitudes","volume":"42","author":"Yajima S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Kiyou."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"The background and types of social withdrawal","volume":"2","author":"Yamamoto K","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. 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