{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T21:59:09Z","timestamp":1778018349985,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of 3, 4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content>) use and to identify characteristics of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users among rave attendees in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan. This is the first rave\u2010population study focusing on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> use in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anonymous self\u2010administrative questionnaire was conducted using laptop computers at four rave parties at three different venues in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>okyo, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan. Participants were asked about lifetime use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> and other club drug use, characteristics of rave attendance, and their demographics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Questionnaires were completed by 300 rave attendees (47.3% female), 68.3% of whom were aged 20\u201329 years, and 92.3% of whom had completed high school. Among the participants, 8.0% reported <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> use. Compared with \u2018non\u2010drug controls\u2019 (the participants who had never used any illicit drugs), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users were significantly more likely to be 30\u201339\u2010year\u2010old men. In addition, compared with \u2018cannabis users\u2019 (non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users who had used cannabis), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users were significantly more likely to use other drugs and reported more adverse health effects due to \u2018polydrug use\u2019. Furthermore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users were significantly more likely to go to raves and preferred smaller venues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results clearly suggest that rave attendees have a higher lifetime prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> use than the Japanese general population (0.2% reported in 2007). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users are deeply involved in rave parties, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> use may have high potential to generate close relationships among rave attendees. Therefore, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> users may have more opportunities to access <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDMA<\/jats:styled-content> than cannabis users and non\u2010drug controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02402.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T08:43:23Z","timestamp":1358757803000},"page":"12-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<scp>E<\/scp>cstasy (3, 4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use among <scp>J<\/scp>apanese rave population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Takuya","family":"Shimane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuharu","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takarazuka University School of Nursing  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Funada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Subjective effects of 3, 4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users","volume":"1","author":"Peroutka SJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90834-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181568625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1996.9145116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Raves: A review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm","volume":"162","author":"Weir E","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. 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