{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:38:44Z","timestamp":1791200324578,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of feedback processing in decision\u2010making has been assessed in psychiatric patients using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>owa <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ambling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ask (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content>). Although impaired performance on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> has been documented extensively in schizophrenia patients, the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying the performance deficits have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuropsychological origins of impaired decision\u2010making in schizophrenia patients using various versions of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty chronic schizophrenia patients and 33 healthy subjects underwent computerized versions of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content>, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>ariant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ambling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ask (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGT<\/jats:styled-content>), and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>huffled <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ambling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ask (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGT<\/jats:styled-content>) to assess the contributions of motivational balance and reversal learning on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> performance. In addition, performance on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>isconsin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ard\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>orting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>est (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WCST<\/jats:styled-content>) was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The schizophrenia patients exhibited deficits on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IGT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGT<\/jats:styled-content>, particularly in later trials. No significant group difference was detected on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGT<\/jats:styled-content> due to the improved performance of schizophrenia patients in the earlier trials. Performance on the gambling tasks in the schizophrenia group did not correlate with performance on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WCST<\/jats:styled-content> or with the severity of clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deficits in motivational balance, but not reversal learning, play a dominant role in the impaired decision\u2010making of patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02403.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T17:00:43Z","timestamp":1355850043000},"page":"573-581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Disturbances of motivational balance in chronic schizophrenia during decision\u2010making tasks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Yang\u2010Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine Keimyung University  Daegu Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansem","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio and Brain Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio and Brain Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihoon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Catholic University of Korea  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeseung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio and Brain Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)  Daejeon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University  New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.295","article-title":"Decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Emotion BA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. 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