{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T01:35:51Z","timestamp":1777253751597,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between generalized anxiety disorder, subthreshold anxiety (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SubAnx<\/jats:styled-content>) and anxiety symptoms in the prevalence of primary headache.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study evaluated 383 people from a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>razilian low\u2010income community. One\u2010year prevalence rates of migraine, chronic migraine and tension\u2010type headache were calculated. Anxiety symptoms were then separated into the following groups (based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content> criteria): no anxiety criteria; one anxiety criterion; two anxiety criteria; and generalized anxiety disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content>). The control group (no headaches) was compared with headache sufferers for each anxiety group using an adjusted model controlled for confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD<\/jats:styled-content> was present in 37.0% of participants and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SubAnx<\/jats:styled-content> in 16.6%. Those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SubAnx<\/jats:styled-content> had a 2.28\u2010fold increased chance of having migraine; 3.83\u2010fold increased chance of having chronic migraine, a 5.94\u2010fold increased chance of having tension\u2010type headache and a 3.27\u2010fold increased chance of having overall headache. Some anxiety criteria (irritability, difficulty with sleep, concentration problems, muscle tension and fatigue) had similar prevalence to International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD\u2010II) headache criteria such as unilateral pain and nausea for migraine and chronic migraine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Headache sufferers seem to have a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SubAnx<\/jats:styled-content>. In addition, the presence of two or more anxiety criteria (not necessarily fulfilling all the criteria for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAD)<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with having a headache disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02405.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T08:43:23Z","timestamp":1358757803000},"page":"41-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Generalized anxiety disorder, subthreshold anxiety and anxiety symptoms in primary headache"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Lucchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario F. 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