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It does not exploit the full spectrum of the optical properties of bronchial tissues. Advances in optical imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal endomicroscopy, autofluorescence imaging and laser Raman spectroscopy are at the forefront to allow <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> high\u2010resolution probing of the microscopic structure, biochemical compositions and even molecular alterations in disease states. OCT can visualize cellular and extracellular structures at and below the tissue surface with near histological resolution, as well as to provide three\u2010dimensional imaging of the airways. Cellular and subcellular imaging can be achieved using confocal endomicroscopy or endocytoscopy. Contrast associated with light absorption by haemoglobin can be used to highlight changes in microvascular structures in the subepithelium using narrow\u2010band imaging. Blood vessels in the peribronchial space can be displayed using Doppler OCT. Biochemical compositions can be analysed with laser Raman spectroscopy, autofluorescence or multispectral imaging. Clinically, autofluorescence and narrow\u2010band imaging have been found to be useful for localization of preneoplastic and neoplastic bronchial lesions. OCT can differentiate carcinoma <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> versus microinvasive cancer. Endoscopic optical imaging is a promising technology that can expand the horizon for studying the pathogenesis and progression of airway diseases such as COPD and asthma, as well as to evaluate the effect of novel therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.02108.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T02:54:28Z","timestamp":1322708068000},"page":"261-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Frontiers in bronchoscopic imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"KEISHI","family":"OHTANI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ANTHONY M.D.","family":"LEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEPHEN","family":"LAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0159PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00007105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2779"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200806-057QC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912096-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.11.989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1695563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","first-page":"149","volume-title":"IASLC Textbook for Prevention and Detection of Early Lung Cancer","author":"Lam S","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900110203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1332774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.99.3.742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)33775-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181914506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/DTE.5.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1528594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2005.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.18.1385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.041475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.laboratory.0000172752.26207.e5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1644"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1077507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.10.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.134213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.144097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","first-page":"1611","article-title":"Angiogenesis and the multistage development of lung cancers","volume":"6","author":"Gazdar AF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. 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