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Studying the genome (e.g. single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)\u2003), epigenome (e.g. methylation of genes), transcriptome (mRNA expression) and microRNAome (microRNA expression) has the potential to improve our understanding of the adverse effects of air pollutants. Genome\u2010wide association studies of SNP have detected SNP associated with respiratory phenotypes; however, to date, only candidate gene studies of air pollution exposure have been performed. Changes in epigenetic processes, such DNA methylation that leads to gene silencing without altering the DNA sequence, occur with air pollutant exposure, especially global and gene\u2010specific methylation changes. Respiratory cell line and animal models demonstrate distinct gene expression signatures in the transcriptome, arising from exposure to particulate matter or ozone. Particulate matter and other environmental toxins alter expression of microRNA, which are short non\u2010coding RNA that regulate gene expression. While it is clearly important to contain rising levels of air pollution, strategies also need to be developed to minimize the damaging effects of air pollutant exposure on the lung, especially for patients with chronic lung disease and for people at risk of future lung disease. Careful study of genomic responses will improve our understanding of mechanisms of lung injury from air pollution and enable future clinical testing of interventions against the toxic effects of air pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02164.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T04:12:19Z","timestamp":1331179939000},"page":"590-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Genomics and the respiratory effects of air pollution exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"JOHN W.","family":"HOLLOWAY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SANTIYAGU","family":"SAVARIMUTHU FRANCIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KWUN M.","family":"FONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IAN A.","family":"YANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02653-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Reproducibility of individual responses to ozone exposure","volume":"131","author":"McDonnell WF","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. 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