{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:01:28Z","timestamp":1791248488462,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,29]],"date-time":"2012-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respirology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background and objective:\u2003<\/jats:bold>Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, toll\u2010like receptor 3 (TLR3) was shown to recognize pathogen\u2010associated molecular patterns, especially viral\u2010derived double\u2010stranded RNA, and to be involved in immune responses. However, the effects of cigarette smoke on TLR3 remain unclear. In this study, it was examined whether cigarette smoke affects the expression and responses of TLR3 in human macrophages.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2003<\/jats:bold>The expression of TLR3 in alveolar macrophages from human lung tissues was analysed by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation of TLR3 expression with smoking history and lung function was evaluated. In addition, the effect of cigarette smoke on the expression and responses of TLR3 in macrophage lineage cells was investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2003<\/jats:bold>TLR3\u2010positive alveolar macrophage numbers were significantly increased in smokers and COPD patients compared with non\u2010smoking control subjects, but there was no difference between smokers and COPD patients. TLR3\u2010positive macrophage numbers were positively correlated with smoking history and inversely correlated with corrected carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, but were not correlated with % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1\u2003s. Furthermore, cigarette smoke extract potentiated the expression of TLR3 in monocyte\u2010derived macrophages and significantly augmented the release of interleukin\u20108, as well as total matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 activity, in cells treated with TLR3 ligand.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2003<\/jats:bold>These data suggest that cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of TLR3 in human macrophages, and this may contribute to neutrophilic airway inflammation and parenchymal destruction in the lungs of smokers and patients with COPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02198.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,16]],"date-time":"2012-05-16T14:36:22Z","timestamp":1337178982000},"page":"1018-1025","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cigarette smoke augments the expression and responses of toll\u2010like receptor 3 in human macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"AKIRA","family":"KOARAI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SATORU","family":"YANAGISAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HISATOSHI","family":"SUGIURA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TOMOHIRO","family":"ICHIKAWA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KEIICHIRO","family":"AKAMATSU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TSUNAHIKO","family":"HIRANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MASANORI","family":"NAKANISHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KAZUTO","family":"MATSUNAGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YOSHIAKI","family":"MINAKATA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MASAKAZU","family":"ICHINOSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Global strategy for the diagnosis management and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease. 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