{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:38:44Z","timestamp":1774435124927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> We examined the external genitalia of 2149 elementary schoolboys in the suburban area of Taichung in Taiwan for an understanding of foreskin development before adolescence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The study\u2019s subjects comprised 692 first\u2010grade boys, 725 fourth\u2010grade boys, and 732 seventh\u2010grade boys. The foreskin\u2019s condition was classified as: type I (normal prepuce), type II (adhesion of prepuce), type III (partial phimosis), type IV (phimosis) and type V (circumcised foreskin). Other abnormalities of the genitalia also were recorded. All of the examinations were performed by the same urologist.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The incidence of type I foreskin was 8.2% in first\u2010grade boys, 21.0% in fourth\u2010grade boys, and 58.1% in seventh\u2010grade boys. The incidence of type IV foreskin was 17.1% in first\u2010grade boys, 9.7% in fourth\u2010grade boys, and 1.2% in seventh\u2010grade boys. Only one boy had balanoposthitis. Other abnormalities included inguinal hernia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20032), hydrocele (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200312), cryptorchitism (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20038), varicocele (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200322), and subcoronal\u2010type hypospadia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20031).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Physiological phimosis declines with age. Most boys with phimosis in this study did not require treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01449.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]],"date-time":"2006-07-17T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1153145122000},"page":"968-970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Foreskin development before adolescence in 2149 schoolboys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"TENG\u2010FU","family":"HSIEH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CHAOG\u2010HSIAN","family":"CHANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SHIH\u2010SAN","family":"CHANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)60164-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4642.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70390-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540370042034","article-title":"Circumcision in the United States: prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice","volume":"277","author":"Laumann EO","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"283","article-title":"Infant circumcision","volume":"90","author":"Shannon FT","year":"1979","journal-title":"N. 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