{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T02:36:22Z","timestamp":1778726182839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]],"date-time":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J of Urology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions consist of passive urethral closure involving connective tissues, fascia and\/or ligaments in the pelvis and active urethral closure mediated by hypogastric, pelvic and pudendal nerves. Furthermore, we have previously reported that the active urethral closure mechanism might be divided into two categories: (i) the central nervous control passing onto <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>nuf's nucleus under sneezing or coughing; and (ii) the bladder\u2010to\u2010urethral spinal reflex under <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>alsalva\u2010like stress conditions, such as laughing, exercise or lifting heavy objects. There are over 200\u2009million people worldwide with urinary incontinence, a condition that is associated with a significant social impact and reduced quality of life. Therefore, basic research for urinary continence mechanisms in response to different stress conditions can play an essential role in developing treatments for stress urinary incontinence. It has been clinically shown that the etiology of stress urinary incontinence is divided into urethral hypermobility and intrinsic sphincter deficiency, which could respectively correspond to passive and active urethral closure dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the representative stress urinary incontinence animal models and the methods to measure leak point pressures under stress conditions, and then highlight stress\u2010induced urinary continence mechanisms mediated by active urethral closure mechanisms, as well as future pharmacological treatments of stress urinary incontinence. In addition, we introduce our previous reports including sex differences in urethral closure mechanisms under stress conditions and urethral compensatory mechanisms to maintain urinary continence after pudendal nerve injury in female rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03225.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]],"date-time":"2012-11-06T09:22:13Z","timestamp":1352193733000},"page":"64-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence in murine models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Koike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Tokyo Rehabilitation Hospital  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takehito","family":"Naruoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Egawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Jikei University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67925-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Incontinence 3rd International Consultation on Incontinence","author":"Hunskaar S","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"2046","volume-title":"Cambell\u2010Walsh Urology","author":"Nitti VW","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(05)70039-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00537-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00248-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.02976.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"346","article-title":"Sex differences in autonomic neurotransmitters associated with bladder\u2010to\u2010urethral continence reflexes during bladder compression in rats","volume":"20","author":"Furuta A","year":"2009","journal-title":"NBS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-011-1403-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00010.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00038.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000079492.09716.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00838.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-002-1004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-1070-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb01572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Treatment of stress urinary incontinence with duloxetine hydrochloride","volume":"7","author":"Sweeney DD","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Urol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of clenbuterol and propiverine in menopausal women with urinary incontinence: improvement in quality of life","volume":"31","author":"Ushiroyama T","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-5672.2009.00026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012213432501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00226.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90241.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00297.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00658.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64280-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67778-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.11.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67391-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"R1647","article-title":"Reflex pathways controlling urethral striated and smooth muscle function in the male rat","volume":"272","author":"Kakizaki H","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.274.2.R389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800771213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Circumvaginal surface electromyography in women with urinary incontinence and in healthy volunteers","volume":"157","author":"Gunnarsson M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:6<613::AID-NAU11>3.0.CO;2-B"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1442-2042.2012.03225.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03225.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T21:07:51Z","timestamp":1694466471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03225.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03225.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03225.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0919-8172","1442-2042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0919-8172","type":"print"},{"value":"1442-2042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]]}}}