{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:35:36Z","timestamp":1792193736533,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Exper Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc><\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of astigmatism, its axis and determinants were determined in the 40\u2010 to 64\u2010year\u2010old population of Shahroud, Iran.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Population\u2010based cross sectional study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Participants:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Using random cluster sampling, 6311 subjects were invited for eye examinations. Of 5190 participants (response rate\u2003=\u200382.2%), data of 5020 were eligible for analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Participants received visual acuity measurement, manifest refraction and eye examinations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main Outcome Measures:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of astigmatism based on cylinder powers of more than 0.5, 1 and 3\u2003D were studied.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The prevalence (and 95% confidence interval) of astigmatism based on a cylinder power worse than 0.5, 1, and 3\u2003D was 49.1% (47.6\u201350.5), 24.1% (22.9\u201325.3), and 3.4% (2.9\u20133.9), respectively. In a multiple logistic regression model, the prevalence of astigmatism was higher in men (odds ratio\u2003=\u20031.25) and increased with age (odds ratio for each 5\u2003years\u2003=\u20031.21). Higher education was found to be inversely correlated to astigmatism (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). The prevalence of with\u2010the\u2010rule, against\u2010the\u2010rule and oblique astigmatism was 12.6%, 25.9% and 10.6%, respectively. Oblique astigmatism was significantly higher in women and the older age groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Against\u2010the\u2010rule astigmatism increased with age from 19.9% in the age group of 40\u201344 to 37.0% in the age group of 60\u201364 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> In comparison with those studies conducted in Iran and other countries, the prevalence of astigmatism was higher in this study. Astigmatism was higher in men and age had an important role in astigmatism and its axis. The prevalence of against\u2010the\u2010rule and oblique astigmatism increased with age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2011.02635.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T18:47:19Z","timestamp":1309459639000},"page":"247-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["High prevalence of astigmatism in the 40\u2010 to 64\u2010year\u2010old population of Shahroud, 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