{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:20:21Z","timestamp":1768965621710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,17]],"date-time":"2012-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ANZ Journal of Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallstone disease is a worldwide problem causing morbidity, mortality and a drain on health\u2010care resources. This prospective study aimed to investigate the spectrum of gallstone types in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand and relate these to known risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallstone samples were collected from 107 patients undergoing surgery for gallstone disease at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>uckland <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ity <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>une 2009 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>une 2010. Detailed chemical analyses were performed using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ourier <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>ransform <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>aman spectroscopy. The relationship between gallstone type and age, gender, ethnicity, obesity and positive family history were analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median age was 51 years (range 19\u201388), 75 (70%) were female, one third were obese (body mass index \u2265 30) and 41% had a positive family history. Major ethnic groups were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>uropean (51%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>sian (23%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\u0101ori\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>acific (18%). Gallstone types included pure or mixed cholesterol stones (74%), black pigment stones (20%) and brown pigment stones (5%). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>sians had a higher proportion of black pigment stones and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NZ E<\/jats:styled-content>uropeans had more cholesterol and mixed cholesterol stones (odds ratio 3.6 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1 to 11.5)). The frequency of cholesterol\/mixed cholesterol stones was not significantly different between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NZ E<\/jats:styled-content>uropeans and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\u0101ori\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>acific groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.7). Black pigment stones were more common in older patients (mean 68.0 years compared with 47.6 for cholesterol\/mixed cholesterol stones) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between stone type and family history (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.16) or gender (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.17).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This novel prospective study highlights risk factors and ethnic differences in gallstone composition in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand. These may be important when considering gallstone prevention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2012.06234.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T02:02:11Z","timestamp":1347933731000},"page":"575-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Gallstones in <scp>N<\/scp>ew <scp>Z<\/scp>ealand: composition, risk factors and ethnic differences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Otago School of Medical Sciences  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith C.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Sharples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Windsor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7278.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Diseases","author":"Soloway RD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Gallstone prevalence in Christchurch: risk factors and clinical significance","volume":"113","author":"Chapman BA","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. 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