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These motor commands are generated by hypoglossal motoneurons excited by glutamatergic inputs. Because in forebrain areas the efficiency of glutamatergic transmission is modulated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), the role and identity of nAChRs within the nucleus hypoglossus of the neonatal rat were explored using an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>brainstem slice preparation. This area expressed immunoreactivity for \u03b14, \u03b17 and \u03b22 nAChR subunits. Whole\u2010cell patch\u2010clamp recording from hypoglossal motoneurons showed lack of spontaneous cholinergic events mediated by nAChRs even in the presence of a cholinesterase inhibitor. However, pharmacological antagonism of \u03b17\u2010 or \u03b22\u2010containing receptors depressed glutamatergic currents arising either spontaneously or by electrical stimulation of the reticular formation. Hypoglossal motoneurons expressed functional nAChRs with characteristics of \u03b14\u03b22 and \u03b17 receptor subunits. Such receptors underwent fast desensitization (time constant of 200\u2003ms) with full recovery within 1\u2003min. Low (0.5\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) concentration of nicotine first facilitated glutamatergic transmission on motoneurons and later depressed it through receptor desensitization. When 0.1\u2003\u00b5<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>nicotine was used, only depression of synaptic transmission occurred, in keeping with the suggestion that nAChRs can be desensitized without prior activation. These results highlight the role of tonic nAChR activity in shaping excitatory inputs to hypoglossal motoneurons, and suggest that nAChR desensitization by ambient nicotine could contribute to disorders of tongue muscle movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04460.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]],"date-time":"2005-11-25T10:27:55Z","timestamp":1132914475000},"page":"2723-2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Activation and desensitization of neuronal nicotinic receptors modulate glutamatergic transmission on neonatal rat hypoglossal motoneurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Costanza","family":"Quitadamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Fabbretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nerijus","family":"Lamanauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Nistri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00214.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06475.1999","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of the \u03b14\u2010subunit of the neuronal acetylcholine nicotinic receptor in the rat substantia nigra","volume":"19","author":"Arroyo\u2010Jim\u00e9nez M.M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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