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Action potential\u2010evoked intracellular calcium transients dampen excitability and stimulate NO production in these neurons. In this study, we investigated the action of several arousal\u2010related neurotransmitters and the role of specific calcium channels in these LDT Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010transients by simultaneous whole\u2010cell recording and calcium imaging in mouse (P14\u2013P30) brain slices. Carbachol, noradrenaline and adenosine inhibited spike\u2010evoked Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010transients, while histamine, t\u2010ACPD, a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, and orexin\u2010A did not. Carbachol inhibition was blocked by atropine, was insensitive to blockade of G\u2010protein\u2010coupled inward rectifier (GIRK) channels and was not inhibited by nifedipine, \u03c9\u2010conotoxin GVIA or \u03c9\u2010agatoxin IVA, which block L\u2010, N\u2010 and P\/Q\u2010type calcium channels, respectively. In contrast, SNX\u2010482 (100\u2003n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), a selective antagonist of R\u2010type calcium channels containing the alpha1E (Cav2.3) subunit, attenuated carbachol inhibition of the somatic spike\u2010evoked calcium transient. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of muscarinic inhibition of native SNX\u2010482\u2010sensitive R\u2010channels. Our findings indicate that muscarinic modulation of these channels plays an important role in the feedback control of cholinergic LDT neurons and that inhibition of spike\u2010evoked Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010transients is a common action of neurotransmitters that also activate GIRK channels in these neurons. Because spike\u2010evoked calcium influx dampens excitability, our findings suggest that these \u2018inhibitory\u2019 transmitters could boost firing rate and enhance responsiveness to excitatory inputs during states of high firing, such as waking and REM sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04640.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,8]],"date-time":"2006-03-08T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1141833524000},"page":"1151-1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Transmitter modulation of spike\u2010evoked calcium transients in arousal related neurons: muscarinic inhibition of SNX\u2010482\u2010sensitive calcium influx"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kristi A.","family":"Kohlmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08323.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.093ad.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019715"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930190","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of dantrolene on action potential\u2010induced calcium transients in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"51","author":"Ayar A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. 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