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In addition, the levels of interleukin (IL)\u201016, IL\u201018, transforming growth factor (TGF) \u2010\u03b21 and superoxide anion (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>) were determined to evaluate the relationship between ChT levels, these cytokines and oxidative stress in both AD and ischemic CvD patients. The levels of ChT and IL\u201016, IL\u201018, and TGF\u2010\u03b21 mRNA were investigated using quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction on macrophages of peripheral blood of 40 patients with AD, 40 patients with ischemic CvD and 40 non\u2010demented age\u2010matched subjects. The results show that ChT, IL\u201016 and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> levels significantly increased in ischemic CvD patients compared with AD patients and were significantly and positively correlated with IL\u201018 and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>. The production of IL\u201018 was increased in both AD and ischemic CvD patients. TGF\u2010\u03b21 expression was higher in AD patients and was inversely correlated with the expression of ChT, IL\u201016 and IL\u201018, respectively. In non\u2010demented age\u2010matched subjects no significant changes in ChT and IL\u201016, IL\u201018, and TGF\u2010\u03b21 expression were found. Our results indicate that ChT, IL\u201016, IL\u201018 and TGF\u2010\u03b21 are increased in ischemic CvD and AD, confirming that the immune system may play an important role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the present findings suggest that ChT could also play a crucial role in pathological conditions such as CvD in which the inflammatory process is activated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04780.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T15:32:27Z","timestamp":1149089547000},"page":"2648-2656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Chitotriosidase and inflammatory mediator levels in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular dementia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Michelino","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Dell'Ombra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Zambito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Malaguarnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Malaguarnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3536(97)80034-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000089329.09061.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26 252","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.44.26252","article-title":"Cloning of a cDNA encoding Chitotriosidase, a human Chitinase produced by macrophages","volume":"270","author":"Boot R.G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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