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In 22 smokers and 23 never\u2010smokers possible differences of the cerebral structures were investigated using magnetic resonance imaging and voxel\u2010based morphometry. Significantly smaller grey matter volume and lower grey matter density (<jats:italic>P\u2003=<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05, corrected) were observed in the frontal regions (anterior cingulate, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex), the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe including parahippocampal gyrus, in smokers than in never\u2010smokers. Group differences of either grey matter volume or grey matter density were also found in the thalamus, cerebellum and substantia nigra, among other regions. Smokers did not show greater volumes than never\u2010smokers in any cerebral region. Magnitude of lifetime exposure to tobacco smoke (pack\u2010years) was inversely correlated with volume of frontal and temporal lobes and cerebellum (<jats:italic>P\u2003=<\/jats:italic>\u20030.001, uncorrected). The data indicate structural deficits of several cortical and subcortical regions in smokers relative to never\u2010smokers. The topographic profile of the group differences show some similarities to brain networks known to mediate drug reinforcement, attention and working memory processing. The present findings may explain in part the frequently reported cognitive dysfunctions in chronic cigarette consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05050.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,21]],"date-time":"2006-09-21T08:57:43Z","timestamp":1158829063000},"page":"1744-1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":292,"title":["Smoking and structural brain deficits: a volumetric MR investigation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Meisenzahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie K.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kalus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Bierbrauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Kienast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Witthaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Leopold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Staedtgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02885-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03656.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610020104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00303-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00610-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.12.1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00350-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80593-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00173-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Cortical gray matter loss in treatment\u2010naive alcohol dependent individuals","volume":"26","author":"Di Fein G.S.V.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. 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