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Cannabis and cigarettes are the most commonly used illicit and licit substances, respectively, among pregnant women. Although the behavioral consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure have been well\u2010documented in epidemiological and clinical studies, only recently have investigations into the molecular mechanisms associated with the developmental impact of early drug exposure been addressed. This article reviews the literature relevant to long\u2010term gene expression disturbances in the human fetal brain in relation to maternal cannabis and cigarette use. To provide translational insights, we discuss animal models in which protracted molecular consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure can be better explored and which enable future evaluation of epigenetic pathways, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, that could potentially maintain abnormal gene regulation and related behavioral disturbances. Altogether, this information may help to address the current gaps of knowledge regarding the impact of early drug exposure that set in motion lifelong molecular disturbances that underlie vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07884.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T13:11:16Z","timestamp":1321881076000},"page":"1574-1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Molecular mechanisms of maternal cannabis and cigarette use on human neurodevelopment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Claudia V.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"DiNieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Szutorisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin L.","family":"Hurd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.001255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10296-6","article-title":"Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats","volume":"264","author":"Bals\u2010Kubik R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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