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Perineuronal oligodendrocytes have been well characterized morphologically and ultrastructurally, but knowledge about their function remains scanty. It has been proposed that perineuronal oligodendrocytes support neurons and, following injury, transform into myelin\u2010synthesizing cells. Recent findings implicating perineuronal oligodendrocytes in cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders shed new light on these cells. We have obtained the genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes by identifying gene expression differences between oligodendrocyte subpopulations using cell\u2010specific tags, microarray technology, quantitative time\u2010resolved polymerase chain reaction and bioinformatics tools. We show that perineuronal cells are the progeny of oligodendrocyte progenitors and, hence, are members of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Physiologically they exhibit a novel phenotype. Their expression of PDGFR\u2010\u03b1\u03b2 and its growth factor ligand PDGF\u2010CC sets them apart from members of their lineage as this receptor precludes their response to the same growth factors that act on myelinating cells. Their coordinate expression and context\u2010specific usage of transcription factors Olig2, Ascl1 and Pax6, together with the prominent presence of transcription factors Pea3, Lhx2 and Otx2 \u2013 not hitherto linked to the oligodendrocyte lineage \u2013 suggested a cell with features that blur the boundary between a neuron and a glial cell. But they also maintain a reservoir of untranslated transcripts encoding major myelin proteins presumably for a demyelinating episode. This first molecular characterization of perineuronal oligodendrocytes revealed the striking difference between the myelinating and non\u2010myelinating phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07922.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,3]],"date-time":"2011-12-03T12:58:57Z","timestamp":1322917137000},"page":"1906-1922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The genetic signature of perineuronal oligodendrocytes reveals their unique phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Szuchet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph 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