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However, spinal cord transection in adult rats affects cholinergic innervation of only some hindlimb motoneurons, suggesting that specificity of this response is related to functional differences between motoneurons. Our aim was therefore to compare cholinergic input to motoneurons innervating the soleus (Sol) and tibialis anterior (TA) motoneurons following spinal cord transection at a low\u2010thoracic level. The second aim was to investigate whether deficits in cholinergic input to these motoneurons could be modified by locomotor training. The Sol and TA motoneurons were identified by retrograde labelling with fluorescent dyes injected intramuscularly. Cholinergic terminals were detected using anti\u2010vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) antibody. Overall innervation of motoneurons was evaluated with anti\u2010synaptophysin antibody. After spinalization we found a decrease in the number of VAChT\u2010positive boutons apposing perikarya of the Sol (to 49%) but not TA motoneurons. Locomotor training, resulting in moderate functional improvement, partly reduced the deficit in cholinergic innervation of Sol motoneurons by increasing the number of VAChT\u2010positive boutons. However, the optical density of VAChT\u2010positive boutons terminating on various motoneurons, which decreased after spinalization, continued to decrease despite the training, suggesting an impairment of acetylcholine availability in the terminals. Different effects of spinal cord transection on cholinergic innervation of motoneurons controlling the ankle extensor and flexor muscles point to different functional states of these muscles in paraplegia as a possible source of activity\u2010dependent signaling regulating cholinergic input to the motoneurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08182.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T12:09:17Z","timestamp":1340107757000},"page":"2679-2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Different effects of spinalization and locomotor training of spinal animals on cholinergic innervation of the soleus and tibialis anterior motoneurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Skup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Gajewska\u2010Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Grygielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsyana","family":"Mankovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julita","family":"Czarkowska\u2010Bauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.334145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902290305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-1996-1146","article-title":"Variety of muscle responses to tactile stimuli","volume":"56","author":"Czarkowska\u2010Bauch J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. 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