{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T05:28:49Z","timestamp":1778045329264,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,22]],"date-time":"2012-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrical activity in the gamma frequency range is instrumental for temporal encoding on the millisecond scale in attentive vertebrate brains. Surprisingly, also circadian pacemaker neurons in the cockroach <jats:italic>Rhyparobia maderae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Leucophaea maderae<\/jats:italic>) employ fast spontaneous rhythmic activity in the gamma band frequency range (20\u201370\u200aHz) together with slow rhythmic activity. The ionic conductances controlling this fast spontaneous activity are still unknown. Here, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> imaging combined with pharmacology was employed to analyse ion channels underlying spontaneous activity in dispersed circadian pacemakers of the adult accessory medulla, which controls circadian locomotor activity rhythms. Fast spontaneous Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> transients in circadian pacemakers accompany tetrodotoxin (TTX)\u2010blockable spontaneous action potentials. In contrast to vertebrate pacemakers, the spontaneous depolarisations from rest appear to be rarely initiated via TTX\u2010sensitive sustained Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels. Instead, they are predominantly driven by mibefradil\u2010sensitive, low\u2010voltage\u2010activated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels and DK\u2010AH269\u2010sensitive hyperpolarisation\u2010activated, cyclic nucleotide\u2010gated cation channels. Rhythmic depolarisations activate voltage\u2010gated Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels and nifedipine\u2010sensitive high\u2010voltage\u2010activated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels. Together with Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> rises, the depolarisations open repolarising small\u2010conductance but not large\u2010conductance Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels. In contrast, we hypothesise that P\/Q\u2010type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channels coupled to large\u2010conductance Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels are involved in input\u2010dependent activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08227.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T01:41:08Z","timestamp":1343007668000},"page":"3021-3029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>\u2010dependent ion channels underlying spontaneous activity in insect circadian pacemaker 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