{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:49:19Z","timestamp":1787496559862,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,16]],"date-time":"2004-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1087344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    :\u2002Chloral hydrate (CH) sedation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with significant failure rates, adverse events and delayed recovery. Pentobarbital (PB), reportedly produces successful sedation in 98% of children undergoing diagnostic imaging. This study compared the efficacy, adverse events and recovery characteristics of CH vs PB in children undergoing MRI.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    :\u2002With Institutional Review Board approval and written consent, children were randomly assigned to receive intravenous (i.v.) PB (maximum 5\u2003mg\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    in incremental doses) or oral CH (75\u2003mg\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) prior to MRI. Sedation was augmented with 0.05\u2003mg\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    doses of i.v. midazolam (maximum 0.1\u2003mg\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) as necessary. Adverse effects, including hypoxaemia, failed sedation, paradoxical reactions and behavioural changes, the return of baseline activity, and parental satisfaction were documented. The quality of MRI scans was evaluated by a radiologist blinded to the sedation technique.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    :\u2002PB facilitated an earlier onset of sedation (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003=\u20030.001), higher sedation scores (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003=\u20030.01), and less need for supplemental midazolam compared with CH. Severe hypoxaemia occurred in two children (6%) in the PB group. Fourteen per cent of the PB group experienced a paradoxical reaction, 9% sedation failure and 11% major motion artefact, compared with 0% (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003=\u20030.05), 3 and 2% (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003=\u2003NS), respectively, in the CH group. CH and PB were both associated with a high incidence of motor imbalance, and agitation. However, children who received PB had a slower return to baseline activity (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003=\u20030.04).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    :\u2002Although PB facilitated a quicker sedation onset and reduced the requirement for supplemental sedation, it produced a higher incidence of paradoxical reaction and prolonged recovery with a similar failure rate compared with CH.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01243.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,27]],"date-time":"2004-12-27T23:51:25Z","timestamp":1104191485000},"page":"589-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Pentobarbital vs chloral hydrate for sedation of children undergoing MRI: efficacy and recovery characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shobha","family":"Malviya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terri","family":"Voepel\u2010Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul I.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin K.","family":"Gujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Gebarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Petter Eldevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289203100302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989770352-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199712000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289503400602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199201000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011953"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.1.3763851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011952"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199009000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.4.7676990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.805"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.e42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.151.5.975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.5.9129423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.4.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050752"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-91.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bja.a013586"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.1.8416594"}],"container-title":["Pediatric 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