{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T11:31:07Z","timestamp":1794655867722,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study was designed to investigate whether the addition of tramadol or lidocaine to ketamine would enhance the quality of intra\u2010 and postoperative analgesia for hypospadias surgery in children.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Sixty\u2010two ASA PS I or II children, between 1 and 10\u2003years of age, scheduled for hypospadias surgery were recruited. Anesthesia was induced with 6\u20138% sevoflurane and maintained with 0.5\u20132.5% sevoflurane\u201050% N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O in oxygen. Children were allocated randomly to receive one of two study drugs. Children in group KL received caudal ketamine (0.25\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) plus lidocaine (2%, 2\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and in group KT ketamine (0.25\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) plus tramadol (1\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Systemic blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> saturation, sedation, and pain scores (CHEOPS) were recorded at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45\u2003min and 1, 2, 3\u2003h following recovery from anesthesia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Duration of analgesia was similar in the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&gt;\u20030.05). CHEOPS in group KL was lower than in group KT during the study period, except at first 15\u2003min. Sedation scores were higher in group KL than group KT in the first 10\u2003min (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was similar in the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&gt;\u20030.05) Sevoflurane concentration required was significantly lower in group KL than group KT peroperatively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Caudal ketamine (0.25\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), plus lidocaine (2% 2\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) significantly reduced sevoflurane concentration compared with ketamine (0.25\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>)\u2003+\u2003tramadol (1\u2003mg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). We suggested that both ketamine\u2003+\u2003lidocaine and ketamine\u2003+\u2003tramadol provided very effective and long duration of analgesia, similarly. However, analgesia quality is superior in the ketamine\u2010lidocaine group postoperatively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01650.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,4]],"date-time":"2005-10-04T08:17:14Z","timestamp":1128413834000},"page":"158-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparison of caudal ketamine with lidocaine or tramadol administration for postoperative analgesia of hypospadias surgery in 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