{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:15:48Z","timestamp":1780539348998,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,17]],"date-time":"2007-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1184630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    presents three types of motilities: swimming, twitching and swarming. The latter is characterized by rapid and coordinated group movement over a semisolid surface resulting from morphological differentiation and intercellular interactions. A striking feature of\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u2003aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    swarming motility is the formation of migrating tendrils producing colonies with complex fractal\u2010like patterns. Previous studies have shown that normal swarming motility is intimately related to the production of extracellular surface\u2010active molecules: rhamnolipids (RLs), composed of monorhamnolipids (mono\u2010RLs) and dirhamnolipids (di\u2010RLs), and 3\u2010(3\u2010hydroxyalkanoyloxy) alkanoic acids (HAAs). Here, we report that (i) di\u2010RLs attract active swarming cells while HAAs behave as strong repellents, (ii) di\u2010RLs promote and HAAs inhibit tendril formation and migration, (iii) di\u2010RLs and HAAs display different diffusion kinetics on a surface as di\u2010RLs spread faster than HAAs in agar, (iv) di\u2010RLs and HAAs have no effect on swimming cells, suggesting that swarming cells are different from swimming cells not only in morphology but also at the regulatory level and (v) mono\u2010RLs act as wetting agents. We propose a model explaining how HAAs and di\u2010RLs together modulate the behaviour of swarming migrating cells by acting as self\u2010produced negative and positive chemotactic\u2010like stimuli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01396.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,17]],"date-time":"2007-07-17T05:22:40Z","timestamp":1184649760000},"page":"2622-2630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Self\u2010produced extracellular stimuli modulate the\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    swarming motility 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