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In this study, we investigated how a novel class of potential prebiotic long\u2010chain arabinoxylans (LC\u2010AX) and the well\u2010established prebiotic inulin (IN) modulate the gut microbiota of humanized rats. Six weeks after axenic rats were inoculated with a human faecal microbiota, their colonic microbiota was similar to this inoculum (\u223c\u200370%), whereas their caecal microbiota was enriched with\n                    <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    concomitant with lower abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Moreover, different\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species colonized the lumen (\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003adolescentis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and mucus (\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003longum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003bifidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Both LC\u2010AX and IN increased SCFA levels and induced a shift from acetate towards health\u2010promoting propionate and butyrate respectively. By applying a high\u2010resolution phylogenetic micro\u2010array (HITChip) at the site of fermentation (caecum), IN and LC\u2010AX were shown to stimulate bacterial groups with known butyrate\u2010producers (\n                    <jats:italic>Roseburia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Eubacterium rectale<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Anaerostipes caccae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and bifidobacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003longum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) respectively. Prebiotic administration also resulted in lower caecal abundances of the mucin\u2010degrading\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    and potentially more mucin production by the host. Both factors might explain the increased caecal mucin levels for LC\u2010AX (threefold) and IN (sixfold). These mucins were degraded along the colon, resulting in high faecal abundances of\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    for LC\u2010AX and especially IN\u2010treated rats. Finally, the microbial changes caused an adaptation period for the host with less weight gain, after which the host fine\u2010tuned the interaction with this altered microbiota. Our results demonstrate that next to IN, LC\u2010AX are promising prebiotic compounds by stimulating production of health\u2010promoting metabolites by specific microbes in the proximal regions. Further, prebiotic supplementation shifted mucin degradation to distal regions, where mucin\u2010degraders may produce beneficial metabolites (e.g. propionate by\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), so that prebiotics may potentially improve gut health along the entire length of the intestine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02533.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T01:59:11Z","timestamp":1314842351000},"page":"2667-2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["Arabinoxylans and inulin differentially modulate the mucosal and luminal gut microbiota and mucin\u2010degradation in humanized rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pieter","family":"Van den 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