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Spore\u2010forming firmicutes include many environmentally important organisms, such as insect pathogens and cellulose\u2010degrading industrial strains, as well as human pathogens responsible for such diseases as anthrax, botulism, gas gangrene and tetanus. In the best\u2010studied model organism\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , sporulation involves over 500 genes, many of which are conserved among other bacilli and clostridia. This work aimed to define the genomic requirements for sporulation through an analysis of the presence of sporulation genes in various firmicutes, including those with smaller genomes than\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Cultivable spore\u2010formers were found to have genomes larger than 2300\u2003kb and encompass over 2150 protein\u2010coding genes of which 60 are orthologues of genes that are apparently essential for sporulation in\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Clostridial spore\u2010formers lack, among others,\n                    <jats:italic>spoIIB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>sda<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>spoVID<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>safA<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes and have non\u2010orthologous displacements of\n                    <jats:italic>spoIIQ and spoIVFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting substantial differences between bacilli and clostridia in the engulfment and spore coat formation steps. Many\n                    <jats:italic>B.\u2003subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporulation genes, particularly those encoding small acid\u2010soluble spore proteins and spore coat proteins, were found only in the family\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or even in a subset of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Phylogenetic profiles of sporulation genes, compiled in this work, confirm the presence of a common sporulation gene core, but also illuminate the diversity of the sporulation processes within various lineages. These profiles should help further experimental studies of uncharacterized widespread sporulation genes, which would ultimately allow delineation of the minimal set(s) of sporulation\u2010specific genes in\n                    <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridia<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02841.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T22:40:36Z","timestamp":1342824036000},"page":"2870-2890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["Genomic determinants of sporulation in\n                    <i>Bacilli<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Clostridia<\/i>\n                    : towards the minimal set of sporulation\u2010specific genes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Michael 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