{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:43:38Z","timestamp":1789983818503,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,14]],"date-time":"2005-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate the potential causes of weight gain with insulin therapy and improved diabetic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    This was an open\u2010label prospective study of insulin therapy of 6\u2003months duration in an academic medical centre. Twenty\u2010one subjects with type 1 diabetes were enrolled. The goal was to achieve an haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the range of individuals without diabetes (&lt;5.6%). At baseline, 3 and 6\u2003months, weight, resting energy expenditure, appetite assessment, food intake, activity level, HbA1c and 24\u2010h glycosuria and urea nitrogen were measured. Plasma leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin levels and body fat were measured at baseline and 6\u2003months.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    At baseline, average weight was 73.7\u2003\u00b1\u200317.4\u2003kg and HbA1c was 10.0\u2003\u00b1\u20032.2%. Weight increased by 2.15\u2003kg (2.69% of baseline) by 6\u2003months whereas the HbA1c dropped by 1.71% (16.3%) to 7.9%. Energy intake differences between 3 and 6\u2003months had a negative correlation with weight gain, but the changes in glycosuria, appetite scores and the frequency of hypoglycaemia did not correlate with weight gain. Glycaemic control did not correlate with weight change but tended to correlate with fat mass increase (p\u2003=\u20030.064; r\u2003=\u2003\u22120.51). An increase in the activity levels between 3 and 6\u2003months correlated with decreasing fat mass (p\u2003=\u20030.037; r\u2003=\u2003\u22120.74). The changes in the appetite scores had a negative correlation with fat mass gain (p\u2003=\u20030.035; r\u2003=\u2003\u22120.61). The changes in lean body mass correlated with protein and total energy intake (p\u2003=\u20030.007, r\u2003=\u20030.85 and p\u2003=\u20030.003, r\u2003=\u20030.73 respectively). The changes in leptin levels correlated with weight gain.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The lipogenic effect of insulin with subsequent increase in fat mass may be the primary cause of this weight gain that can be attenuated by the increases in the activity levels. The negative correlation of energy intake and appetite scores with fat mass gain suggests that they do not play a significant role in fat mass gain whereas energy intake did correlate with lean body mass gain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00515.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T09:18:43Z","timestamp":1149153523000},"page":"404-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Potential causes of weight gain in type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"A. N.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Adams\u2010Huet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Raskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.7.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2623"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.12.1700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01223618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"R120","article-title":"Insulin increases body fat despite control of feed intake and physical activity","volume":"248","author":"Torbay N","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198023000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19780152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1691"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-3-199908030-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.12.5992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0373"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00279.2003"}],"container-title":["Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1463-1326.2005.00515.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00515.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T23:25:35Z","timestamp":1761866735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dom-pubs.pericles-prod.literatumonline.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00515.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,14]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00515.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00515.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-8902","1463-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-8902","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,14]]}}}