{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:52:57Z","timestamp":1790743977626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Obesity Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The glucagon gene is expressed in\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cells of the pancreas, L cells of the intestine and the hypothalamus. The determinants of the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cell\u2010specific expression of the glucagon gene are not fully characterized, although Arx, Pax6 and Foxa2 are critical for\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cell differentiation and glucagon gene expression; in addition, the absence of the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cell\u2010specific transcription factors Pdx1, Pax4 and Nkx6.1 may allow for the glucagon gene to be expressed. Pax6, along with cMaf and MafB, binds to the DNA control element G\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    which confers\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cell specificity to the promoter and to G\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    and potently activates glucagon gene transcription. In addition, to its direct role on the transcription of the glucagon gene, Pax6 controls several transcription factors involved in the activation of the glucagon gene such as cMaf, MafB and NeuroD1\/Beta2 as well as different steps of glucagon biosynthesis and secretion. We conclude that Pax6 independently of Arx and Foxa2 is critical for\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010cell function by coordinating glucagon gene expression as well as glucagon biosynthesis and secretion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01445.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T11:54:32Z","timestamp":1312804472000},"page":"31-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Glucagon gene expression in the endocrine pancreas: the role of the transcription factor Pax6 in\n                    <i>\u03b1<\/i>\n                    \u2010cell differentiation, glucagon biosynthesis and 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