{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:35:27Z","timestamp":1793979327511,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,16]],"date-time":"2004-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1092614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormalities in eyelid position and function can lead to chronic irritation of cornea and conjunctiva. Corneal ulceration, vascularization and pigmentation are common consequences. Loss of vision, or loss of the globe may be the end result. The combination of ptosis and entropion of the upper eyelid is commonly seen in breeds with abundant forehead skin folds. Treatment options include surgical reduction of skin folds, suspending the brows, enforced secondary granulation of the upper eyelid, or a combination of procedures. Lid\u2010shortening procedures reduce corneal exposure, improve functional blinking and reduce likelihood of traumatic proptosis. Although a lateral canthoplasty is technically easier to perform, a medial canthoplasty is the preferred method of eyelid shortening. An involuted lateral canthus with entropion is seen in certain dog breeds with a broad skull base and redundant facial skin. Surgical correction is by either applying traction to the lateral canthus, or by resection of the lateral canthal ligament. A combination of entropion, ectropion and macroblepharon may result in the presence of diamond shaped eyelids. Surgical correction involves the combination of several procedures. Upper eyelid agenesis is a congenital absence of part of the upper eyelid in cats. Treatment options include a skin\u2013orbicularis flap from the lower eyelid with a conjunctival pedical graft, the transposition of the lower eyelid to the upper eyelid, cross lid flap and subdermal plexus flap, and subdermal collagen injection. Several techniques for reconstruction of upper and lower eyelid defects are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04044.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,16]],"date-time":"2004-08-16T07:18:52Z","timestamp":1092640732000},"page":"284-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Adnexal surgery in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Van Der Woerdt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"588","article-title":"Diagnosis and blepharoplastic repair of conformational eyelid defects","volume":"22","author":"Hamilton HL","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2001.22805"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Canine entropion","volume":"10","author":"Miller WM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"1304","volume-title":"Textbook of Small Animal Surgery","author":"Basher T","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-33-4-342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Modified brow sling technique for upper lid entropion","volume":"25","author":"Kirschner SE","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.05.660","article-title":"Brow suspension for treatment of ptosis and entropion in dogs with redundant facial skin folds","volume":"214","author":"Willis AM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"603","article-title":"A new method for surgical correction of upper eyelid trichiasis\u2013entropion: operation method","volume":"23","author":"Stades FC","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","first-page":"607","article-title":"Surgical correction of upper eyelid trichiasis\u2013entropion: results and follow\u2010up in 55 eyes","volume":"23","author":"Stades FC","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Blepharoplasty techniques for canthus closure","volume":"2","author":"Kaswan RL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Companion Animal Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","first-page":"735","article-title":"Canthus closure","volume":"1","author":"Jensen HE","year":"1979","journal-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","first-page":"38S","article-title":"Clinical aspects and surgical procedures in trichiasis","volume":"118","author":"Stades FC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tijdschr v Dierg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Lateral canthus entropion in the dog, part 1: comparative anatomic studies","volume":"5","author":"Robertson BF","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","first-page":"196","article-title":"Lateral canthoplasty","volume":"7","author":"Wyman M","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","first-page":"1165","article-title":"A suture technique for lateral canthoplasty","volume":"73","author":"Peiffer RL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine\/ Small Animal Clinican"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","first-page":"162","article-title":"Lateral canthus entropion in the dog, part 2: surgical correction. 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